Este libro rompedor revisa, a contracorriente de la opinión establecida, lo que se creía saber de las primeras civilizaciones en la llanura aluvial mesopotámica y en otros lugares. Se creía que la domesticación de plantas y animales condujo al sedentarismo y a la agricultura en campos fijos. Sin embargo, el sedentarismo es muy anterior a cualquier evidencia de domesticación de plantas o animales, y tanto el sedentarismo como la domesticación existieron casi cuatro milenios antes de que surgiera una aldea agrícola. Se creía que el sedentarismo y el surgimiento de ciudades eran el efecto típico de la irrigación y de los estados. Pero resulta que ambos son, por el contrario, resultado de la abundancia de los humedales. Se pensaba que el sedentarismo y la agricultura condujeron a la formación de estados, pero sucede que estos solo aparecen mucho después de la agricultura en campos fijos. Se daba por hecho que la agricultura fue un gran paso adelante para la nutrición, el bienestar y el ocio de las personas; lo contrario parece haber sucedido en las primeras fases.

Las civilizaciones tempranas eran vistas como imanes que atraían a las personas con el lujo, la cultura y las oportunidades que ofrecían. En realidad, los primeros estados se vieron obligados a capturar y retener a gran parte de su población con diferentes formas de servidumbre y estaban transidos por las epidemias del hacinamiento; eran frágiles y propensos al colapso. En cambio, las «edades oscuras» que los sucedieron podrían haber supuesto, con frecuencia, una mejora real en el bienestar humano. Parece razonable sostener que, al menos fuera de las elites, la vida en el exterior de los estados —la vida del «bárbaro»– pudo haber sido más sencilla en términos materiales, y más libre y saludable, que la vida dentro de las civilizaciones.

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«Contra el estado», Джеймс Кэмпбелл Скотт benzeri kitaplar