A. G. Baumgartens Denken kreist um das klassische systematische Problem der Inkommensurabilität der universalen Begriffe, die der menschliche Geist bildet, und der einzelnen Dinge, die die Welt ausmachen. Da diese nur durch jene propositional erkannt werden können, bleibt die Wahrheit jeder solchen Aussage stets ungewiss. Auf die drohende Konsequenz eines allgemeinen und radikalen Skeptizismus reagiert Baumgarten mit der Begründung des Weltbezugs propositionaler Erkenntnis durch eine Theorie begriffsfreien, mithin ästhetischen Erkennens.

Diese Theorie erklärt sowohl die prinzipielle Erkennbarkeit der Welt durch den endlichen Verstand als auch die Möglichkeit bewusster und freier Weltveränderung durch menschliches Handeln. Schon um dies zu leisten, kann die Wahrheit ästhetischer Erkenntnis aber nicht irgendeine Sonderwahrheit neben den Dingen, von denen die Metaphysik handelt, und den Begriffen und Sätzen, von denen die Logik handelt, sein.

Die Untersuchung analysiert deswegen nach einem einleitenden Vorschlag zur Bestimmung des Verhältnisses von Logik und Metaphysik im Anschluss an Leibniz Baumgartens Erkenntnistheorie in ihrer charakteristischen Komplementarität von Ästhetik und Logik, die das gesamte Feld aller möglichen Gewissheit, d. h. des Bewusstseins der Wahrheit der verschiedensten Erkenntnisse, abdecken. Darüber hinaus erörtert sie auch deren mögliche Gegenstände, nämlich die Beschaffenheit der Dinge, wie sie das Wissen Gottes als eine ideale Metaphysik enthielte. Auf der Grundlage einer Ontologie teilweise unbestimmer aktualer Existenz kommt Baumgarten zu einer kosmologischen Theorie monadischer Bewegtheit aller körperlichen Dinge. Sie führt zu einer Psychologie des Erkennens und Handelns, aus der ein indeterministischer Begriff menschlicher Willensfreiheit folgt, die auch von Gottes Allwissen nicht beschränkt wird.

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«Wahrscheinliche Weltweisheit», Alexander Aichele benzeri kitaplar