Kitabı oku: «The family in historical and psychological aspects», sayfa 2
When a subject and a relative undergo additional removal, they become cousins. A cousin with minimal deletion is a cousin, that is, the child of the subject's uncle or aunt. The degrees of security and relocation are used to more accurately describe the relationship between cousins. Degree is the number of generations following a common ancestor before the parent of one of the cousins is found, while deletion is the difference between the number of generations from each cousin to the common ancestor (the difference between the generations from which the cousins originate).
Cousins of the older generation (in other words, cousins of the parents), although technically cousins after removal, are often classified as "aunts" and "uncles".
English speakers celebrate marital relations (with the exception of the wife/husband) with the "-in-law" tag. The mother and father of someone's spouse become someone's mother-in-law and father-in-law; the wife of someone's son becomes someone's daughter-in-law, and the husband of someone's daughter becomes someone's son-in-law. The term "sister-in-law" refers to two significantly different relationships: either the brother's wife or the spouse's sister. A "brother—in-law" is the husband of someone's sister or the brother of someone's spouse. The terms "stepbrother" and "stepsister" refer to siblings who have only one biological parent. The term "aunt in law" refers to the aunt of a spouse. An "uncle in law" is the uncle of a spouse. A "cousin" is the spouse of someone's cousin or the cousin of someone's spouse. The term "niece" refers to the wife of someone's nephew. A "nephew—in-law" is the husband of someone's niece. The grandparents of someone's spouse become someone's grandparents in law; the wife of someone's grandson becomes someone's granddaughter in law, and the husband of someone's granddaughter becomes someone's grandson in law. With the further removal of the subject for aunts and uncles and a relative for nieces and nephews, the prefix "grand-" changes these conditions. Upon further deletion, the prefix becomes "great-great-", adding another "great-great-" for each subsequent generation. For a large number of generations, the number can be replaced, for example, "fourth great-grandson", "four times great grandson" or "four times great-grandson". In Indian English, a relative by law who is the spouse of your brother or sister may be called a co-brother (in particular, a co-sister or co-brother).
Within the framework of a group family, cohabitation in pairs took place for one period or another, which gradually led to the formation of a more or less stable paired family. However, this family, which united one married couple, was not an economic unit of society. In the era of the primitive tribal community (Late Paleolithic and Neolithic), the level of development of production, the technical armament of man in his struggle with nature were still too low for a paired family to farm independently. The economic unit of society remained the clan or, later, its large subdivision – the maternal extended family, which covered 4-5 generations of female relatives (men and women with offspring) and was headed by an older woman. The ethnographic data of the 19th and 20th centuries speak about the economic independence of a paired family within such a collective. about the archaic tribes of America, Melanesia, and Southeast Asia.
Initially, the couple did not even settle together, continuing to live in their ancestral groups (a dislocated settlement) and meeting occasionally. Later, with the flourishing of the maternal family and the transition to matrilocal marriage, the husband moved to live in the wife's family, but the spouses' personal property remained separate, and often for damage caused to the wife's property, the husband's family had to settle with her family. Under these conditions, the union of spouses in a paired family was very fragile and easily dissolved; the children belonged only to the mother and her family. The remnants of a group family were widely and firmly preserved: sorority, cohabitation of a woman with her husband's brothers and, in fact, polyandry (polyandry).
A classic example of a paired family (according to L. G. Morgan) is the Iroquois family in the 17th century. The paired family occupied a separate room in the huge communal house of the maternal family – Ovachira. She did not run a separate household; she did not have her own allotment in the land of her mother's large family, supplies were stored in a common pantry, food was cooked in several common boilers. The women in this house were the owners, the children belonged to their family, the men were considered guests. The Melanesians had similar orders; The surviving maternal extended family has been preserved for a long time in Indonesia (for example, in Minangkabau), in India (among the Nayars), in Africa (among the Ashanti).
At the beginning of the Bronze Age, increased productive forces created certain conditions for the economic life of collectives numerically smaller than the tribal community. The emergence of the first social division of labor, the formation of separate family ownership, the increase in the economic role of men led to the disintegration of the maternal family and its transformation into a paternal one, the formation of a patriarchal large family. Such a family represented a transitional form from a paired and large matriarchal family of a developed tribal system to a monogamous family of a class society.
The transition to the patriarchal family was marked by the approval of the paternal account of kinship, patrilocal marriage and monogamy, the firm union of spouses with each other and with their offspring, the establishment of the husband's power over children and wife, for which a special ransom was now paid (Veno – among the Slavs, Kalym – among the Turkic peoples, Lobola – among the peoples of Ventoux in Africa). Polygamy (polygyny) arose as a side form, which was the privilege of rich men. However, a separate married couple was still not an economic unit of society, such was a large patriarchal family consisting of 3-4 generations of close relatives with their wives, children, and married sons. This often included patriarchal slaves. The patriarchal family was based on collective ownership of the means of production, collective labor and consumption; in the personal property of family members there were only items of individual use – clothing, weapons, etc. Depending on the specific historical conditions, the internal organization of the big S. it could be more or less democratic, but the general trend of its development was to strengthen the role of the head of the family (usually grandfather, father, older brother).
Patrilineality, also known as male lineage or agnatic kinship, is a form of kinship system in which a person's family affiliation stems from his or her father's ancestry. This usually includes inheritance of property, rights, names or titles by persons related through male-line kinship.
The patrilineum ("paternal line") is the father of a person and additional ancestors that can be traced only through the male line. Thus, a person's patrilineality is a record of descent from a man, in which individuals in all subsequent generations are men. In cultural anthropology, patrilineality is a blood group of kinship between a man and a woman, each of whose members descends from a common ancestor through male ancestors.
Matrilineality is a form of kinship system in which a person's family affiliation stems from and is traced through his or her mother's ancestry.
An ethnographic example of a large family that had not yet lost the beginnings of primitive communal democracy was represented by the friends of the Southern Slavs, in which the supreme power belonged to the council of all adult men and women, who elected the housekeeper.
"Paired marriage is a form of marriage that existed under the primitive communal system, associated with the development of matriarchy. As society developed, marriage changed in the direction of narrowing the circle of those marrying; cohabitation in couples, which in the early stages of the primitive communal system, with group marriage was only very brief, during the heyday of the primitive communal system becomes the main form of marriage. Being already monogamous, the family in a couple marriage, however, was not an economic unit of society. Each member of the married couple continued to be strongly connected with their ancestral community. The married couple did not run a separate household, had no property. In this regard, this marriage was not stable, marital cohabitation was easily dissolved. The children were connected to the mother's ancestral community and remained in it in case of divorce. This was a pair marriage among the Australians, as well as among the Iroquois and many other Indian tribes back in the 18th and 19th centuries. Since pair marriage originated in a matriarchal tribal community in which women played a large role in production, the wife was equal to her husband and held a high position. The transition from paired marriage to monogamy with an intermediate form of patriarchal family is due to the beginning of the decomposition of the primitive community, the emergence of private property, which led to the separation of the family from the genus and the transformation of the family into an independent unit with the authority of the father of the family – the owner" (Tikhomirov A.E., The concept of matriarchy. "LitRes", Moscow, 2023, p. 2).
It can also relate to a social system in which each person is identified with their matrilineality – their mother's ancestry – and which may include inheritance of property and titles. A matriline is a line of descent from a female ancestor to a descendant in which individuals in all subsequent generations are mothers – in other words, the "maternal line".
In the matrilineal descent system, an individual is considered to belong to the same group of origin as he or her mother. This model of matrilineal descent differs from the more common model of patrilineal descent.
