Was ist Verhaltenspsychologie?

Hast du dich schon einmal gefragt, warum du bestimmte Dinge tust – manchmal ganz automatisch, ohne darüber nachzudenken? Warum du auf manche Situationen heftig reagierst, während dich andere völlig kalt lassen? Oder warum Menschen in Gruppen plötzlich anders handeln, als sie es alleine tun würden? Genau hier setzt die Verhaltenspsychologie an. Sie beschäftigt sich mit dem, was wir Menschen tun – mit unserem sichtbaren Verhalten – und versucht, die dahinterliegenden Prozesse zu verstehen.

Verhaltenspsychologie ist ein Teilbereich der Psychologie, der sich nicht auf Gedanken oder Gefühle konzentriert, sondern auf das beobachtbare Verhalten. Es geht darum, zu verstehen, wie unser Verhalten entsteht, wie es erlernt wird und wie es sich verändern lässt. Dabei spielen Erfahrungen, Umweltreize, Belohnung, Bestrafung, Nachahmung und Gewohnheiten eine große Rolle. Du kannst dir die Verhaltenspsychologie wie eine Art «Verhaltensdetektivarbeit» vorstellen – man beobachtet, analysiert und versucht, aus diesen Beobachtungen Muster abzuleiten, die erklären, warum jemand tut, was er tut.

Kurzer Überblick über die Geschichte und Entwicklung

Die Wurzeln der Verhaltenspsychologie reichen zurück bis ins frühe 20. Jahrhundert. Einer der bekanntesten Namen ist Ivan Pawlow – vielleicht hast du schon einmal vom «Pawlowschen Hund» gehört. Pawlow entdeckte, dass Hunde anfangen zu sabbern, wenn sie ein Geräusch hören, das sie mit Futter verbinden. Das war der Beginn der klassischen Konditionierung – ein Grundpfeiler der Verhaltenspsychologie.

Etwas später trat John B. Watson auf die Bühne. Er war der Meinung, dass Psychologie nur dann eine echte Wissenschaft sein könne, wenn sie sich auf das konzentriert, was man direkt beobachten kann: das Verhalten. Für ihn waren Gedanken oder Gefühle «Black Boxes», in die man nicht hineinschauen könne – also ließ er sie außen vor.

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«Verhaltenspsychologie - Warum wir tun, was wir tun», Aurelia Wolf benzeri kitaplar