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APPENDIX A

AUTHORITIES AND REFERENCES

(Chapters I. – VI.)

Voyages among the North American Indians, 1652-84 (Prince Society).

Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale, 1772, by M. Bacqueville de la Potherie.

M. Jeremie.

The British Empire in America, 2 vols. London, 1708. Anon. (John Oldmixon.)

Minutes and Stock Book of Hudson's Bay Company, Hudson's Bay Company House, Lime Street, London.

Imperial (Hudson's Bay Company) Blue Book, 1749.

Memo. of Chief Justice Draper. Imperial Blue Book, 1857.

Imperial Hudson's Bay Company Blue Book, 1857. Appendix 9.

Stock Book of Hudson's Bay Company Offices, Lime Street, London.

Documents, &c., on Boundaries. (Ottawa, 1871.) Hudson's Bay Company Statement of Rights, 1850.

Documents, &c., on Boundaries. (Ottawa, 1871.)

Documents of Early French Settlements.

The materials for Chapters III. and IV. are almost exclusively obtained from the unpublished minutes of the Company, 1671-1690, at Hudson's Bay Company House, Lime Street, London.

The material of Chapter V. is largely from the minutes and letter-books of the Company at the Hudson's Bay Company's House, Lime Street, London. The complete story of Radisson's life is now for the first time given to the world by the Author.

Instructions to Sieur de Troyes. Documents, &c. Ottawa, 1871.

N.Y. Hist. Collection. Vol. IX., p. 67.

Massachusetts Archives, Boston. French Documents.

Hist, de la Nouvelle France, par Marc L'Escarbot (1618).

Minutes of Hudson's Bay Company, Lime Street, London.

Bacqueville de la Potherie. Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale.

Histoire du Canada, par F. X. Garneau.

Letter-books of Hudson's Bay Company, Lime Street, London.

(Chapters VII. – X.)

Extracts from Treaty of Ryswick in Documents on Boundary. Ottawa, 1873.

Minutes and Letter-book of Hudson's Bay Company. (London.)

Extracts from Treaty of Utrecht, in Documents, &c., on Boundary. (Ottawa.) 1873.

Letter-books of Hudson's Bay Company. (London.)

Account of the Countries adjoining Hudson Bay, by Arthur Dobbs, Esq. London, 1744.

Discovery of the N. – W. Passage. (Several authors. Ottawa Parliamentary Library.)

Middleton. Reply to Arthur Dobbs, 1744.

John Barrow – Voyages.

A Voyage to Hudson Bay by the Dobbs galley and California, by Henry Ellis, Gentleman. London, 1748.

Six Years' Residence in Hudson Bay, by Joseph Robson, late Surveyor, &c. London, 1759.

Imperial Blue Book of Imperial Parliament relating to Hudson's Bay Company. 1749.

N. Y. Hist. Coll., Vol. IX. pp. 205, 209.

Archives de Paris, 2nd series, vol. IV. p. 263.

Canadian Archives. Ottawa.

Manuscripts Canadian Parl. Lib. (Ottawa. Third series, vol. 6.)

Pierre Margry in Paris, Moniteur of 1852.

Journal of Verendrye (original), 1738, Canadian Archives. (Ottawa.)

De Bougainville's Memoir, given in Pierre Margry's Relations, &c. (Paris.) 1867.

"Memoirs and Documents, &c." from Library, Paris. Five Volumes by Pierre Margry.

(Chapters XI. – XIII.)

Canadiens de l'Ouest. Joseph Tassé, 2 vols. (Montreal.) 1878.

Papers of Governor Haldimand. Canadian Archives. (Ottawa.)

Astoria. Washington Irving.

Sketches of N.W. of America. Bishop Taché. (Montreal.) 1870.

Travels and Adventures, &c., between 1760-1766. Alex. Henry, Senr., 1809.

Alexander Mackenzie's Voyages. London, 1801.

Memorial of North-West Traders. Canadian Archives. (Ottawa.) (Original.)

Les Bourgeois du Nord-Ouest, par L. R. Masson. 2 vols., Quebec, 1889-90.

A Journey from Prince of Wales Fort, in Hudson Bay, to the Northern Ocean, by Samuel Hearne. 4to. London: Strahan and Cadell, 1795.

Voyage de la Perouse autour du Monde. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1798.

The Present State of Hudson Bay, by Edward Umfreville. Charles Stalker. London, 1796.

Observations on Hudson Bay, by Andrew Graham, Factor. Presented to James Fitzgerald. (Manuscript, 1771.) Hudson's Bay Company House, London.

(Chapters XIV. – XXII.)

Voyages of Alexander Mackenzie. (History of Fur Trade.) London, 1801. 8vo.

Haldimand Papers. Archives Dept. Ottawa. (Unpublished.)

Umfreville. (Supra.)

Masson's Bourgeois du Nord-Ouest. (Supra.)

Journal of Alexander Henry. Manuscript. (Ottawa Library.)

Journals of Alexander Henry and of David Thompson, by Elliott Coues. 3 vols. F. P. Harper. New York, 1897.

The Columbia River, by Ross Cox. 2 vols. London: H. Colbren and N. Bentley, 1832.

Simon Fraser's Journal, 1808. Masson. (Supra.)

Voyage, 1811-14, by Gabriel Franchère. (Translation, New York, 1854.)

Roderick McKenzie's Reminiscences. Masson. (Supra.)

James McKenzie. George Keith. John McDonald of Garth. Masson. (Supra.)

Journal, 1820, by Daniel Harmon. Andover.

Letters of John Pritchard. Edited by Writer, published in Winnipeg.

Charles McKenzie's Journeys. Masson. (Supra.)

Malhiot's Journeys. Masson. (Supra.)

Trader John Johnston, of Sault Ste. Marie. Masson. (Supra.)

Duncan Cameron and Peter Grant. (Masson.)

Astoria, by Washington Irving.

Ross Cox. (Supra.)

The Columbia River, by Alex. Ross, 1849.

Journal of Gabriel Franchère. (Supra.)

(Chapters XXIII. – XXVIII.)

(Selkirk Literature.)

Highland Emigration, by Lord Selkirk (1805).

Highland Clearances. Pamphlets, Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.

Red River Settlement, by Alex. Ross. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

Narrative of Destruction, &c. Archibald Macdonald, London, 1816.

Narrative of Occurrences in N.A. Anon., London, 1817.

Lord Selkirk's Settlement in N.A. Anon., London, 1817.

Blue-book on Red River Settlement of Imperial House of Commons, 1819.

Report of Canadian Trials, &c. A. Amos, London, 1820.

Do. Do. Anon., Montreal.

Memorial to Duke of Richmond. Earl of Selkirk, Montreal.

Canadiens de l'Ouest, by Joseph Tassé.

Diary of John McLeod, in Prov. Library, Winnipeg. (Unpublished.)

Manitoba, by the Writer. London, 1882.

(Chapters XXIX. – XXXI.)

Minutes of Council Meetings in Norway House, in Hudson's Bay House, London, and in Toronto. (Unpublished.)

Journey Round the World, by Governor Simpson, 1847.

"Peace River," by Archibald Macdonald. Annotated by Malcolm McLeod, Ottawa.

Peter Fidler's Will. Copy in possession of Writer.

Hudson's Bay Company Land Tenures, by Mr. Justice Martin, Victoria, B.C.

Journal of John McLeod. Parl. Library, Winnipeg. (Supra.)

Wentzel's Journal. F. Masson. (Supra.)

Journal of John Finlay. Manuscript, unpublished, property of Chief Factor MacDougall, Prince Albert, N. – W.T.

Collection of 100 letters from many fur traders to Chief Factor James Hargrave. Curwen, Edinburgh. (Unpublished.)

The Shoe and Canoe. London, 1850. Dr. J. Bigsby.

Gabriel Franchère. (Supra.)

Picturesque Canada. Toronto.

Collection of letters in possession of Judge Ermatinger, St. Thomas, Ont.

Letter of Judge Steere. Sault Ste. Marie.

Songs of Dominion, by W. D. Lighthall. London, 1889.

(Chapters XXXII. – XXXVI.)

Journey to Polar Sea, 1819-22, by John Franklin. London, 1823.

Second Journey, 1825-7. London, 1823.

Arctic Expedition, 1829, by John and James Ross.

Arctic Land Expedition, by George Back, 1836.

Arctic Searching Expedition. 2 vols., 1851.

Expedition to Shores of Arctic Sea, by John Rae, 1850.

Arctic Voyages (several authors, Parl. Library, Ottawa).

Travels, by Lewis and Clark, 3 vols. London, 1815.

Travels on the Western Territories, 1805-7, by Zebulon M. Pike.

Keating (and Long)'s Expedition, 2 vols., 1825.

J. C. Beltrami. Pilgrimage of Discovery of Sources of Mississippi. London, 1828.

Brewer (Cass and Schoolcraft), Sources of the Mississippi, published by Minn. Historical Society.

J. H. Lefroy. Magnetic Survey.

Journal of Explorations, by Palliser (and Hector). London, 1863.

Narrative of the Canadian Exploring Expedition, by Hind (and Dawson), 2 vols., 1860.

The North-West Passage by Land, by Milton and Cheadle. London, 1865.

Ocean to Ocean, by G. M. Grant, 1873.

Red River, by Alex. Ross. London, 1856.

Captain Bulger's letters, published for private circulation, 1823.

Notes on the Flood of Red River of 1852, by Bishop Anderson.

Red River. J. J. Hargrave, Montreal, 1871.

Parchment Roll, property of late George McTavish, Winnipeg.

Journal of the Red River Country, by the Rev. John West. London, 1824.

(Chapters XXXVII., XXXVIII.)

Hudson Bay, by R. M. Ballantyne. London, 1848.

Dr. Rae. (Supra.)

Notes on 25 Years of Service, by John McLean. 2 vols. London, 1849.

Ungava Bay, by R. M. Ballantyne. London, 1871.

Explorations in Labrador, by H. Y. Hind, 1863.

Moravian Missions.

The important Chapter XXXVIII. was largely prepared by a Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company, who had long served on the Mackenzie River.

Chief Factor Campbell's discoveries were chiefly obtained from a journal of that officer now in the hands of his son, at Norway House.

(Chapters XXXIX. – XLVII.)

Bancroft's North-West Coast, 2 vols. San Francisco, 1884.

" History of British Columbia, 1890.

Begg's History of British Columbia.

Journal of Trader Ermatinger, property of Judge Ermatinger, St. Thomas, Ont.

Chinook Jargon, by Horatio Hall. London, 1890.

Todd, collection of letters belonging to Judge Ermatinger. (Supra.)

Coues, Alex. Henry. (Supra.)

Miles Macdonell's letters. Archives vol. Ottawa.

Vingt Années de Missions, &c., by Bishop Taché, 1888.

Rainbow of the North, by A.L.O.E. (Miss Tucker).

Notes by Rev. John West. (Supra.)

Red River, by Hargrave. (Supra.)

Journey of Bishop of Montreal, 1844. Pub. 1849.

Red River Settlement, by Alex. Ross. (Supra.)

John Black, Apostle of Red River, by the Writer, 1898.

Hudson Bay, by Rev. John Ryerson. Toronto, 1855.

James Evans. Wm. Briggs, Toronto.

Cree Syllabic.

History of British Columbia. (Supra.)

Hudson's Bay Territories, &c., by R. M. Fitzgerald and Martin. London, 1849.

Indian Tribes. "Canada." – An Encyclopedia. Article by Writer.

Bancroft's Tribes of the Pacific Coast.

Imperial Government Blue-books, 1849-51.

History of Manitoba, by Donald Gunn. Ottawa, 1880.

Imperial Blue-book of 1857.

Canada and the States, by Sir E. W. Watkin, London.

Blue-books of Canada.

Ermatinger letters. (Supra.)

Begg's Creation of Manitoba. Toronto, 1871.

Report of Donald A. Smith. Canadian Blue-book of 1871.

Boulton's Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellion, by Major Boulton, 1886.

Red River Troubles. Report of Canadian House of Commons.

Facts and figures, from Hudson's Bay Company Offices.

APPENDIX B

SUMMARY OF LIFE OF PIERRE ESPRIT RADISSON

A. Earlier Life and Voyages (1636-1663)

APPENDIX C

List of Hudson's Bay Company Posts in 1856, with the Several Districts and the Number of Indians in Each

Athabasca District (1,550) —

Fort Chipewyan.

Dunvegan.

Vermilion.

Fond du Lac.

Mackenzie River District (10,430) —

Fort Simpson.

Fort au Liard.

Fort Halkett.

Yukon.

Peel's River.

Lapierre's House.

Fort Good Hope.

Fort Rae.

Fort Resolution.

Big Island.

Fort Norman.

English River District (1,370) —

Ile à la Crosse.

Rapid River.

Green Lake.

Deer's Lake.

Portage la Loche.

Saskatchewan District (28,050) —

Edmonton.

Carlton.

Fort Pitt.

Rocky Mount House.

Lac la Biche.

Lesser Slave Lake.

Fort Assiniboine.

Jasper's House.

Fort à la Corne.

Cumberland District (750) —

Cumberland House.

Moose Lake.

The Pas.

Swan River District (2,200) —

Fort Pelly.

Fort Ellice.

Qu'Appelle Lakes.

Shoal River.

Touchwood Hills.

Egg Lake.

Red River District (8,250, including half-breeds and whites) —

Fort Garry.

Lower Fort Garry.

White House Plain.

Pembina.

Manitoba.

Reed Lake.

Lac la Pluie District (2,850) —

Fort Frances.

Fort Alexander.

Rat Portage.

White Dog.

Lac du Bonnet.

Lac de Boisblanc.

Shoal Lake.

Norway House District (1,080) —

Norway House.

Berens River.

Nelson River.

York District (1,500) —

York Factory.

Churchill.

Severn.

Trout Lake.

Oxford House.

Albany District (1,100) —

Albany Factory.

Marten's Falls.

Osnaburg.

Lac Seul.

Kinogumissee District (400) —

Metawagamingue.

Kuckatoosh.

Lake Superior District (1,330) —

Michipicoten.

Batchewana.

Mamainse.

Pic.

Long Lake.

Lake Nipigon.

Fort William.

Pigeon River.

Lac d'Orignal.

Lake Huron District (1,100) —

Lacloche.

Little Current.

Mississangie.

Green Lake.

Whitefish Lake.

Sault Ste. Marie District (150) —

Sault Ste. Marie.

Moose District (730) —

Moose Factory.

Hannah Bay.

Abitibi.

New Brunswick.

East Main District (700) —

Great Whale River.

Little Whale River.

Fort George.

Rupert's River District (985) —

Rupert's House.

Mistasini.

Teniskamay.

Waswonaby.

Mechiskan.

Pike Lake.

Nitchequon.

Kaniapiscow.

Temiscamingue District (1,030) —

Temiscamingue House.

Grand Lac.

Kakabeagino.

Lake Nipissing.

Hunter's Lodge.

Temagamingue.

Fort Coulonge District (375) —

Lac des Allumettes.

Joachin.

Matawa.

Lac des Sables District (150) —

Buckingham.

Rivière Desert.

Lachine District—

Lachine House.

St. Maurice District (280) —

Three Rivers.

Weymontachingue.

Kikandatch.

King's Posts District (1,100) —

Tadoussac.

Chicoutimé.

Lake St. John's.

Ile Jérémie.

Godbout.

Sepen Islands.

Mingan District (700) —

Mingan.

Musquarro.

Natosquan.

Esquimaux Bay District (500) —

North-West River.

Fort Nascopie.

Rigolette.

Kikokok.

Columbia District (2,200) —

Fort Vancouver.

Umpqua.

Cape Disappointment.

Chinook Point.

Carveeman.

Champoeg.

Nisqually.

Cowelitz.

Colville District (2,500) —

Fort Colville.

Pend Oreilles River.

Flat Heads.

Kootenay.

Okanagan.

Snake Country District (700) —

Walla Walla.

Fort Hall.

Fort Boisé.

Vancouver Island District (12,000) —

Fort Victoria.

Fort Rupert.

Nanaimo.

Fraser River District (4,000) —

Fort Langley.

N.W. Coast District (45,000) —

Fort Simpson.

Thomson River District (2,000) —

Kamloops.

Fort Hope.

New Caledonia District (12,000) —

Stuart Lake.

McLeod's Lake.

Fraser's Lake.

Alexandria.

Fort George.

Babines.

Conolly's Lake.

Honolulu (Sandwich Isles).

In all under Hudson's Bay Company rule, about 150,000.

APPENDIX D

List of Chief Factors in the Hudson's Bay Company Service from the Coalition of 1821 to the Year 1896

Note. – Under the Deed Polls of 1821, 1834, and 1871, there were 263 commissioned officers, and it is estimated that their nationalities were as follows: —

1821.

Thomas Vincent.

John MacDonald.

John Thompson.

James Bird.

James Leith.

John Haldane.

Colin Robertson.

Alexander Stewart.

James Sutherland.

John George McTavish.

John Clarke.

George Keith.

John Dugald Cameron.

John Charles.

John Stuart.

Alexander Kennedy.

Edward Smith.

John M'Loughlin.

John Davis.

James Keith.

Joseph Beioly.

Angus Bethune.

Donald McKenzie.

Alexander Christie.

John McBean.

1823.

William McIntosh.

1825.

William Conolly.

John Rowand.

1827.

James McMillan.

1828.

Allan McDonnell.

John Lee Lewis.

Peter Warren Dease.

1830.

Roderick McKenzie, Senr.

1832.

Duncan Finlayson.

1834.

Peter S. Ogden.

1836.

John P. Pruden.

Alex. McLeod.

1838.

John Faries.

Angus Cameron.

Samuel Black.

1840.

James Douglas.

Donald Ross.

1842.

Archibald McDonald.

1844.

Robert S. Miles.

James Hargrave.

1845.

Nicol Finlayson.

1846.

John E. Harriott.

John Work.

John Sieveright.

1847.

Murdo McPherson.

George Barnston.

1848.

John Ballenden.

1850.

John Rae.

William Sinclair.

1851.

Hector McKenzie.

William McTavish.

Dugald McTavish.

1854.

Edward H. Hopkins.

John Swanston.

John McKenzie.

1855.

James Anderson. (A).

1856.

William McNeill.

William F. Tolmie.

1859.

James Anderson. (B).

Roderick Finlayson.

1860.

William J. Christie.

Charles Dodd.

1861.

John M. Simpson.

James A. Grahame.

1862.

James R. Clare.

Wemyss M. Simpson.

Donald A. Smith.

1864.

James S. Clouston.

Joseph Gladman.

1866.

William McMurray.

1867.

Robert Campbell.

Robert Hamilton.

1868.

William L. Hardisty.

Joseph W. Wilson.

1869.

James G. Stewart.

1872.

James Bissett.

George S. McTavish.

Richard Hardisty.

1873.

Robert Crawford (Factor).

William H. Watt (Factor).

John MacIntyre (Factor).

1874.

William Charles.

John H. McTavish.

Alexander Munro.

1875.

Lawrence Clarke.

R. MacFarlane.

Roderick Ross (Factor).

1879.

Peter Warren Bell.

Joseph Fortescue.

Colin Rankin.

Archibald McDonald.

Samuel K. Parson.

James H. Lawson (Factor).

Ewen MacDonald (Factor).

Joseph J. Hargrave (Chief Trader).

1883.

James L. Cotter.

1884.

Julian S. Camsell.

1885.

Horace Belanger.

1886.

William H. Adams (Factor).

1887.

James McDougall.

1888.

Peter McKenzie.

E. K. Beeston (Chief Trader).

1892.

William Clark.

W. S. Becher (Chief Trader).

1893.

William K. Broughton.

1896.

Alexander Matheson (Factor).

APPENDIX E

RUSSIAN AMERICA (ALASKA)

In 1825 Great Britain made a treaty with Russia as to the north-west coast of America. The boundary line that has since been a subject of much dispute with the United States, which bought out the rights of Russia, was thus laid down in the Treaty: —

III. "The line of demarcation between the possessions of the high contracting parties, upon the coast of the Continent and the islands of America to the north-west, shall be drawn in the manner following: – Commencing from the southernmost point of the island called Prince of Wales's Island, which point lies in the parallel of 54 degrees 40 minutes, north latitude, and between the 131st and 133rd degree of west longitude (meridian of Greenwich); the said line shall ascend to the north along the channel called Portland Channel, as far as the point of the Continent where it strikes the 56th degree of north latitude; from this last-mentioned point the line of demarcation shall follow the summits of the mountains situated parallel to the coast, as far as the point of intersection of the 141st degree of west longitude (of the same meridian); and finally, from the said point of intersection, the said meridian line of the 141st degree in its prolongation as far as the Frozen Ocean, shall form the limit between the Russian and British possessions on the Continent of America to the north-west.

IV. "With reference to the line of demarcation laid down in the preceding article, it is understood: —

1st. "That the island called Prince of Wales's Island shall belong wholly to Russia.

2nd. "That wherever the summit of the mountains which extend in a direction parallel to the coast, from the 56th degree of north latitude to the point of intersection of the 141st degree of west longitude, shall prove to be at the distance of more than ten marine leagues from the ocean, the limit between the British possessions and the line of coast which is to belong to Russia, as above mentioned, shall be formed by a line parallel to the windings of the coast, and which shall never exceed the distance of ten marine leagues therefrom."

The Hudson's Bay Company, in the year following the Treaty, pushed their posts to the interior, and obtained a hold on the Indians from the coast inward. Making use of their privilege of ascending the river from the coast, they undertook to erect a post upon one of these rivers. This led the Russian American Fur Company to make a vigorous protest, and a long correspondence ensued on the matter. At length, in 1839, the Hudson's Bay Company, chiefly in order to gain access to their Indians of the interior, leased the strip of coast territory from Fort Simpson to Cross Sound for a period of ten years. The following is an extract from the agreement made February 6th, 1839, between the Hudson's Bay and Russian American Fur Companies: —

"The Russian Fur Company cede to the Hudson's Bay Company for a period of ten years, commencing June 1st, 1840, the coast (exclusive of the islands) and the interior country situated between Cape Spencer and latitude 54° 40´ or thereabouts for an annual rental of two thousand seasoned otters.

"The Hudson's Bay Company agree to sell to the Russian Fur Company 2,000 otters taken on the west side of the mountains at the price of 23s. sterling per skin, and 3,000 seasoned otters taken on the east side of the Rocky Mountains at 32s. sterling per skin. The Hudson's Bay Company agree to sell to the Russian Fur Company 2,000 ferragoes (120 lbs. each) of wheat annually for a term of ten years, at the price of 10s. 9d sterling per ferrago, also flour, peas, barley, salted beef, butter, and pork hams at fixed prices, under certain provisions.

"The Hudson's Bay Company relinquish the claim preferred by them for damages sustained by them, arising from the obstruction presented by the Russian authorities to an expedition fitted out by the Hudson's Bay Company for entering the Stikine River."

The agreement was continued after the expiration of ten years, but the rental fine changed from a supply of otters to a money payment of 1,500l. a year. The Hudson's Bay Company, as we have seen, pushed their posts down the Yukon River, and only withdrew them after Alaska, in 1867, passed into the possession of the United States. An officer of the Hudson's Bay Company, James McDougall, at present a chief factor of the Company, was the last in command of the Company posts in Alaska, and performed the duty of withdrawing them.