Kitabı oku: «Happy Mealtimes for Kids»
Copyright
An imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers 1 London Bridge Street, London SE1 9GF
First published by HarperCollinsPublishers 2012
FIRST EDITION
© Cathy Glass 2012
A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library
Cathy Glass asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work
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Source ISBN 9780007497485
Ebook Edition © September 2012 ISBN: 9780007497492
Version 2020-01-28
Contents
COVER
TITLE PAGE
COPYRIGHT
INTRODUCTION: WHY HAPPY MEALTIMES?
ONE: WHAT IS A BAD DIET FOR KIDS?
Diet and behaviour
Sugar
Caffeine
Food additives
TWO: WHAT IS A GOOD DIET FOR KIDS?
Calories
Ideal weight
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fibre
Fat
Vitamins and minerals
Fluid
THREE: MEALS AND EATING
The importance of mealtimes
Establishing good mealtimes
Food fussiness and refusal to eat
FOUR: BREAKFAST
Breakfast routine
Breakfast food
Drinks for breakfast
Quick breakfast ideas that kids love
Cereal
Toast
Bread rolls
Bagels
English muffins
Croissants
Fruit
Yoghurts
Smoothies
Cooked breakfasts
Full English breakfast
Omelette
Boiled egg with soldiers
Egg/sausage/tomatoes/baked beans/cheese/mushrooms on toast
Eggy bread
Welsh rarebit
Toasted sandwiches
Pancakes
Leftovers
School breakfast
Breakfast for adults
FIVE: LUNCH
School dinner
Packed lunch
Drinks for a packed lunch
Bread, wraps and rolls
Fillings
Pots
Little extra pots
Main meal pots
Other savouries for a lunch box
Packed lunch desserts
Lunch at home
Jacket potatoes
Kids’ hash
Egg in a nest
Stuffed pepper
Quick cauliflower cheese
Sausage and rice pan casserole
Soups
Potato and carrot soup
Lentil soup
Cream of mushroom soup
Pasta lunch
Cheesy pasta
Macaroni cheese
Tomato pasta
Pasta bake
Spaghetti
Tagliatelle
‘Toast lunch’
Toasted sandwiches
Kids’ kebabs
Bubble and squeak
All-day breakfast
Lunchtime desserts
Fruit
Smoothies
Yoghurt
Other lunch dessert ideas
Drinks at home
Convenience food for lunch
SIX: DINNER
Easy and popular main meals
Spaghetti bolognese
Cottage pie
Lasagne
Toad in the hole
Onion gravy
Curry
Plain naan
Casseroles and hot pots
Meat and vegetable casserole
Vegetable casserole
Hot pot
Fish and sweetcorn pie
Stir-fries
Simple stir-fry
Simple stir-fry sauce
Beef and baby sweetcorn stir-fry
Honeyed chicken and noodle stir-fry
Other stir-fry ideas
Meat and two veg
Roasting meat
Braising meat
Stewing meat
Grilling meat
Frying meat
Puddings
Apple crumble
Bread and butter pudding
Fruit pie
Rice pudding
Bread pudding
Sponge pudding
Cake in custard
Banana and honey whip
Cheesecake
Trifle
Convenience food for dinner
SEVEN: HAPPY SNACKS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
CATHY GLASS
ABOUT THE PUBLISHER
Introduction: Why happy mealtimes?
I am a foster carer, and as well as bringing up three children of my own, I have looked after other people’s children for over twenty-five years. Some of those children stayed with me for a few days, while others stayed for years. The reasons why children come into care vary – from a single parent having to go into hospital for a night, to a child being badly neglected and abused. While some of the children I’ve fostered had received adequate diets at home, the vast majority – over 95 per cent – had not, resulting in the children being under- or overweight, short in stature, with dull skin and hair, lacking energy, and often having difficulties in concentrating and therefore being behind with their learning.
One of the first changes I have to make when a child comes to live with me is to their diet, and they are often resistant to change. When the children have been used to snacking on whatever was to hand – usually crisps and biscuits – not only do I have to wean them on to ‘proper’ food but also I have to introduce them to mealtimes rather than having snacks in front of the television. Highly processed food – usually the only food they have known – is often visually attractive and easy to eat (requiring hardly any chewing), but it has few nutrients and addictive amounts of salt and sugar. I have to win the children over to a healthier way of eating as well as providing meals that the whole family enjoys, and like most busy parents I don’t have much time. I have therefore become adept at producing simple nutritious meals that are easy to make and which kids of all ages will love. In this book I share my recipes, together with some important food facts. I hope you find it useful. Bon appétit.
CHAPTER ONE
What is a bad diet for kids?
No food is actually ‘bad’ for a child, unless it is poisonous or the child is allergic to it, or is on a restrictive diet, but some foods become ‘bad’ because of the quantity in which they are eaten. A poor diet is usually high in sugar and fat, low in protein, and lacking in vitamins and minerals. So, for example, a packet of crisps in a lunch box alongside a sandwich containing protein (such as meat, fish or eggs) and a piece of fruit is fine, but four packets of crisps a day are not, especially when they replace a meal. Likewise a piece of chocolate or a cup cake in addition to a main meal is acceptable, but chocolate and cake regularly eaten in large quantities are not. Crisps, chocolate and most heavily processed snack foods are high in calories, salt, sugar and fat, and low in nutrients, so must be eaten in moderation.
You may find it incredible that a child could ever be given chocolate or crisps instead of a meal, but many of the children I have fostered had been used to substituting this type of food for meals before they came into care. Breakfast, often bought from the corner shop and eaten on the way to school, would be a chocolate bar, or a bag of crisps and a can of fizzy drink, while the evening meal would be whatever the child could find in the cupboard, and very likely sugar-laden cereal and a packet of biscuits. Often the only ‘proper’ meal a child had, therefore, was the free school dinner from Monday to Friday. While this type of eating applies to the minority, many children from good homes are overweight and lack essential vitamins and minerals simply because their diets are too high in processed foods. These are attractively packaged and sold to us through advertising on the television. How many of us as parents have given in to our child’s pestering in the supermarket and bought a ridiculously expensive, attractively packaged (sugar-laden) cereal because our child had seen it advertised? I’ll admit I have.
Many governments across the world are now so concerned about the poor quality of children’s diets that they are funding initiatives to try to change the eating habits of a generation. Not only does a bad diet stunt a child’s growth and development, and cause obesity and lethargy; it can also produce behavioural problems. I mentioned this in my book Happy Kids (a guide to raising well-behaved and contented children) and received hundreds of emails from parents who, after reading my book, suddenly connected some foods with their child’s bad behaviour. More of that later, but first let’s look at the foods that should be limited in a child’s diet:
You will probably think of others. Generally speaking, if food is heavily processed and not fresh it is likely to be high in calories, sugar, fat, salt and artificial additives and should be limited. Fortunately ingredients now have to be listed on the food packaging, so check if you are unsure. And remember the ingredients are listed in descending order of the amount included – with the highest first – so if the first ingredient listed is sugar, as with most sweets, then sugar is what that food contains most of. But also remember that a good diet for kids is about limiting these foods, not banning them completely.
Diet and behaviour
‘We are what we eat’ is a well-known phrase, meaning the food that goes into our mouths is absorbed by our bodies and therefore becomes part of us. This is especially true for children, who are still growing and use a larger proportion of their food for growth, as well as cell repair and general health, than adults do. But it isn’t only the child’s body and physical health that are at the mercy of what the child consumes, but also the child’s brain and central nervous system. A finely tuned endocrine and hormone system is responsible for mood, behaviour and mental health, and this relies on a well-balanced diet to function efficiently. There is now a wealth of scientific information – from studies and research – that shows that children’s (and adult’s behaviour) is greatly affected by diet. A healthy diet is therefore essential for both children’s physical development and their emotional and mental well-being.
Sugar
Apart from obvious sugar-laden foods – sweets, biscuits, cakes and puddings, etc. – sugar is added to many other processed foods: for example, baked beans, soups and even some bread. As a result our children have become a nation of ‘sweet tooths’. As well as having detrimental long-term physical effects – tooth decay, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, etc. – too much sugar can have an immediate effect on mood and behaviour. Most parents have observed the ‘high’ that too many sweet foods or sugary drinks can have on their child – even the average child without a hyperactivity disorder. The reason for this is that as sugar enters the bloodstream it gives a surge of energy, so the child rushes around on a high; but after the ‘sugar rush’ comes a low as the body dispenses insulin to stabilize itself. The child then becomes tired, irritable and even aggressive, with a craving for something sweet. So begins a pattern of sugar-related highs and lows, and if the child is prone to mood swings or hyperactivity, refined sugar will fuel it. Sugar intake should therefore be moderated and ideally from a natural source, for example, fruit or honey.
Caffeine
Although it is unlikely you will give your child a cup of strong black coffee, the equivalent amount of caffeine can be found in a can of many a fizzy drink, added by the manufacturers. Caffeine is a powerful stimulant – which is why many adults drink coffee in the morning to wake them up. Caffeine acts immediately on the central nervous system, giving a powerful but short-lived high. Some bottles and cans of fizzy drink now state that they are ‘caffeine free’, but they are still in the minority, and you will need to check the label to see if caffeine is present, and in what quantity.
Children’s sensitivity to caffeine varies, but studies have shown that even children who are not prone to ADHD (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder) can become hyperactive, lose concentration, suffer from insomnia and have challenging behaviour when they drink caffeine-laden fizzy drinks. Caffeine is also addictive, and many children are addicted (from regularly consuming fizzy drinks) without their parents realizing it. The child craves and seeks out the drinks, and suffers the effects of withdrawal – headaches, listlessness, irritability – until they have had their daily ‘fix’. Caffeine is best avoided by all parents for their children, and if your child has behavioural problems, particularly ADHD, it is absolutely essential to avoid it. There are plenty of enticing soft drinks and juice alternatives available that don’t have added caffeine.
Food additives
Any chemical that is added to food or drink is given an E number. E-numbered chemicals are added for many reasons, including appearance, shelf life, texture and taste. All food additives, including those with E numbers, must be listed on the label of the food package, but only European countries have adopted the E number classification. Although each chemical additive is tested and has to pass health and safety checks before being allowed into food, what isn’t tested is the combination of chemicals, and how this combination reacts in the food or the body. Most processed food and drink contains more than one additive, with a packet of brightly coloured sweets containing upward of ten. Even an innocent-looking yoghurt can contain five or more additives if it is sweetened or made to look like the colour of a particular fruit.
Not all additives are synthetic or have harmful effects, and some have been used for years. Many children suffer no ill effects from eating additive-laden processed food, although cause and effect may not be recognized. While you may spot a link between the stomach ache or sickness your child develops after eating a specific food, a headache after eating a doughnut with bright pink icing, for example, may be missed. The full- and long-term effects of consuming additives are not known and research is ongoing. But there is enough evidence to show that as well as some children experiencing physical reactions to additives, mood, behaviour, learning, energy levels and concentration can be affected. Here is a list of additives that research has shown can cause problems in behaviour, but the list is by no means complete:
If you know or suspect your child is sensitive to certain food additives, then it is obviously advisable to avoid food and drinks that contain them.
CHAPTER TWO
What is a good diet for kids?
We all accept that a healthy, well-balanced diet is essential for our child’s physical and mental well-being, but what exactly is a well-balanced diet and which foods are best and why? Children need protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and some fat in their diet just as adults do, but they need them in different quantities: more of that later. The best way to make sure your child receives a good diet is to provide a variety of foods, using fresh unprocessed food wherever possible, and limiting foods high in fat and refined sugar. So what exactly does a child need?
Calories
A calorie is a unit of energy, and the calories in food provide the fuel our bodies need in order to work. Without them our hearts wouldn’t beat, our legs and arms wouldn’t move and our brains would stop working. The body takes the calories it needs from the food we eat and stores any extra as fat, so that if we eat too many calories we put on weight and if we eat too few we lose weight. A child’s calorie requirement is different to adults’ and depends on their age, size and how active they are. Children who are going through a growth spurt need to increase their calorie intake, and boys usually need more than girls because they have bigger frames. Now follows a general guideline to the number of calories your child will need, but it is general – based on averages. In the first six months a baby will obtain most, if not all, of its calories from milk.
Everything we eat or drink, except water, contains calories. Most packaged food shows the number of calories the food contains on the label. No child should ever be calorie counting; it is the parent’s or carer’s responsibility to ensure their child receives a good diet, which will include sufficient calories for growth and development but not so many that the child becomes obese. Clearly I haven’t the space here to list the calorific content of all foods but here is the amount of calories in some of the foods popular with children.
Ideal weight
Height and weight charts have largely been replaced by BMI (Body Mass Index) as a way to calculate the correct weight for a child (and adult). However, the calculators can sometimes be complicated to use and the results difficult to interpret, so now follows a general guideline on what your child should weigh at a given height. Remember the heights are averages, so your child will very likely be slightly above or below.
Protein
Protein is another essential requirement in a child’s diet. Protein is the building block of life. Every cell in the human body contains protein, and protein is needed for growth and repair.
Most food that is packaged lists the amount of protein per gram the food contains on the label. If protein is not shown, then the food doesn’t contain any protein. However, although this information may be helpful, if a child is given a well-balanced, varied diet which includes protein at the main meal they will have enough protein for their needs. Protein is found in many foods, even in small amounts in cake and bread. Foods rich in protein should be included daily in a child’s diet and these are:
* meat, poultry, fish, shellfish and eggs
* beans, pulses, nuts, grains and seeds
* milk and milk products
* soya products and vegetable protein foods
Some typical values of protein-rich food are:
Carbohydrates
The carbohydrates our bodies take from the food we eat are our main source of energy. The more active a child is the more carbohydrate he or she will need. Carbohydrates also have the function of setting protein to work – for growth and repair – which is why the two food groups are eaten together: meat and potatoes, bread and cheese, etc. There are two types of carbohydrate – complex and simple – and the body needs both of them:
Complex carbohydrates are found in fresh and processed foods and are sometimes called starchy foods. Foods providing complex carbohydrates include: bananas, beans, brown rice, chickpeas, lentils, nuts, oats, parsnips, potatoes, root vegetables, sweetcorn, wholegrain cereals, wholemeal bread, wholemeal cereals, wholemeal flour, wholemeal pasta, and are considered ‘good’ carbs. Refined starches are also complex carbohydrates but are not so good because the refining process removes nutrients from the food and concentrates the sugar. They are found in: biscuits, pastries and cakes, pizzas, sugary breakfast cereals, white bread, white flour, white pasta, white rice.
Simple carbohydrates are also known as sugars – natural and refined. Natural sugars are found in fruit and vegetables. Refined sugars are in: biscuits, cakes, pastries, chocolate, honey, jams, jellies, sugar, pizzas, processed foods and sauces, soft drinks, sweets, snack bars.
Children over two should have a diet where approximately half their calories come from carbohydrates, and preferably from ‘good’ sources, so the amount of refined sugar and starch – from cakes and biscuits, etc. – is limited. But there is no need to carb count. If your child is eating a variety of foods in well-balanced meals they will be eating the carbohydrates their body needs.
Fibre
Fibre is another important component in a healthy, balanced diet and many children don’t eat enough fibre. We obtain fibre from plant-based foods: for example, fruit, vegetables, wholemeal bread and pasta, and some cereals. Not only is fibre good for the digestive system (it prevents constipation), but it is also good for the heart and for blood circulation, and lowers cholesterol and blood sugar levels, so preventing diabetes in later life. Fibre provides bulk to a diet, so any child on a weight-reduction programme would be advised to eat a high-fibre diet, which will make them feel full and therefore control hunger and appetite.
The amount of fibre a child needs in their diet is shown below. It will also be listed on most packaged foods. Fibre in the form of bran can be added to a child’s diet but if a child is eating plenty of natural wholesome foods they should be getting the fibre they need. Problems arise if a child consistently eats a diet high in processed food, which contains little or no fibre.
So that if, for example, a child aged eight has two Shredded Wheat for breakfast, sandwiches made from three or four slices of wholemeal bread and a piece of fruit for lunch, and an evening meal of meat and two veg, they will have had their daily requirement of fibre. However, if the same child skips breakfast or has a couple of biscuits, a white bread sandwich and a packet of crisps for lunch, and pasta and cake for the evening meal, their diet will be lacking in fibre, which causes constipation. A general rule is that if the food is plant based then it will have a high fibre content and should be included in a child’s daily diet.
Fat
Fat in children’s (and adults’) diets has had a lot of bad press recently because in the Western world we often eat too much fat. However, fat is an essential component of a well-balanced diet and performs a number of functions:
* Fat is a good source of energy. 1 gram provides 9 calories, which is more than double the calories in protein or carbohydrate.
* Fat transports vitamins A, D, E and K around the body, supplying the body with essential nutrients.
* Fat often makes food taste better.
* Fat is a source of fatty acids (EFAs), which are thought to have a positive effect on the heart and immune system.
* Fat stored in the body protects internal organs as well as being a fuel reserve. Should a child fall sick and not eat properly the body burns the fat for the calories it needs, which is why we can lose weight if we are ill.
Saturated fat is found in lard, butter, hard margarine, cheese, whole milk and anything containing these ingredients, such as cakes, biscuits, pies and chocolate; it is also in the white fat on meat and the skin on poultry. Unsaturated fat comes from vegetable sources and is usually considered a healthier alternative to saturated fat. It is found in sunflower, soya and olive oils, soft margarine and oily fish – for example, mackerel, sardines and salmon. Cod liver oil can be given as a supplement to children and some research suggests it is beneficial to do so.
The amount of fat a child needs is usually considered as a percentage of their daily calorific requirement and it is quite high. See the table below.
Generally vegetables, fruit (apart from avocados), white fish, grains and cereal contain little or no fat. Examples of good sources of fat are listed below.
Remember that fat is an essential part of your child’s diet, but if your child is regularly eating too much fat and you are looking to reduce the amount of fat in his or her diet, then try the following:
* Limit cakes, biscuits and savoury snacks, which are high in fat.
* Trim fat off meat and skin off poultry.
* Grill, poach, steam, bake or microwave rather than fry foods.
* Swap whole milk for semi-skimmed.
* Choose low-fat dairy products.
* Use vegetable oil and low-fat spreads rather than lard, butter or hard margarine.
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins and minerals are needed by the body for growth, repair and staying healthy. They are taken from the food we eat and absorbed by the body. Each vitamin and mineral has a specific role and should be eaten daily, as most vitamins and minerals cannot be stored by the body. For daily requirement, function and foods where the vitamins and minerals are found, see the table below.
Although vitamins and minerals are just as important to the body as calories, and protein, carbohydrates and fat, we only need them in small amounts. As with all nutrients, if your child is eating a well-balanced diet that includes fresh fruit and vegetables they will have the daily intake of vitamins and minerals that are essential for growth, development and maintaining a healthy body and mind.
Fluid
Notice I haven’t said water, because fluid can be obtained from many different sources including soups, fruit juices, milk, vegetables and fruit – tomatoes, grapes, melons and oranges, for example, are 90 per cent water. It is vital a child has sufficient fluid intake, as much as it is that a child eats. The human body is 63 per cent water and the brain 77 per cent. Drinking regularly, and so keeping the body and brain hydrated, is therefore essential for body and brain to function in a child or adult. By the time a child is saying they are thirsty they are already dehydrated, and even mild dehydration can cause headaches, tiredness, loss of concentration and irritability.
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