Kitabı oku: «The Marowitz Compendium»
ibidem-Press, Stuttgart
Artists to my mind are the real architects of change and not the political legislators who implement change after the fact.
—William S. Burroughs
Books by Charles Marowitz
THE SOUNDS OF MUSIC;
EARLY RECORDING ARTISTS - (World Audience, Inc.)
HOW TO STAGE A PLAY (Amadeus/Limelight)
THE OTHER CHEKHOV (Applause Boks)
ESSAYS ON THEATER (Drama/Denmark)
STAGE DUST (Scarecrow Press)
THE OTHER WAY (Applause Books)
ALARUMS & EXCURSIONS (Applause Books)
RECYCLING SHAKESPEARE (Macmillan)
DIRECTING THE ACTION (Applause Books)
BURNT BRIDGES (Hodder & Stoughton)
PROSPERO’S STAFF (Indiana Univ. Press)
POTBOILERS (Marion Boyars, Inc.)
CLEVER DICK (Dramatists Play Svc.)
SEX WARS (Marion Boyars, Inc.)
THE ACT OF BEING (Taplinger Press)
THE MAROWITZ SHAKESPEARE (Marion Boyars)
CONFESSIONS OF A (Eyre-Methuen)
COUNTERFEIT CRITIC
THE METHOD AS MEANS (Barrie & Rockliffe)
ROAR OF THE CANNON (Applause Books)
[Plays & Translations]
SILENT PARTNERS (Dramatists Play Svc.)
MURDERING MARLOWE (Dramatists Play Svc.)
QUACK (Dramatists Play Svc.)
BOULEVARD COMEDIES (Smith & Kraus)
STAGE FRIGHT (Dramatists Play Svc.)
BASHVILLE IN LOVE (Samuel French, Ltd.)
SHERLOCK’S LAST CASE (Dramatists Play Svc.)
CLEVER DICK (Dramatists Play Svc.)
WILDE WEST (Dramatists Play Svc.)
DISCIPLES (Dramatists Play Svc.)
HEDDA (Aschehoug, Norway.)
ARTAUD AT RODEZ (Marion Boyars, Inc.)
THE SHREW (Marion Boyars, Inc.)
MEASURE FOR MEASURE (Marion Boyars, Inc.)
AN OTHELLO (Penguin Books)
A MACBETH (Marion Boyars, inc.)
VARIATIONS ON THE (Marion Boyars, Inc.)
MERCHANT OF VENICE
THE CRITIC AS ARTIST (Hansom Books)
THE MAROWITZ HAMLET (Penguin Books)
& DOCTOR FAUSTUS
CYRANO DE BERGERAC (Smith & Kraus)
MAKBETT (Ionesco) (Grove Press)
AND THEY PUT HAND- (Grove Press)
CUFFS ON THE FLOWERS
(Arrabal)
List of Contributors
Thelma Holt CBE
After a successful career as an actor, Thelma Holt, in partnership with Charles Marowitz, founded the Open Space Theatre in Tottenham Court Road, which became the forerunner of the London fringe. Later Thelma Holt joined the Royal National Theatre and was responsible for several acclaimed West End transfers. She was also responsible for major tours of RNT productions to Paris, Vienna, Zurich, North America, Moscow, Tbilisi, Tokyo, and Epidaurus. Thelma Holt produced multiple visits to the RNT in London by international theatre companies, including performances of The Hairy Ape by Eugene O’Neill, directed by Peter Stein (production from the Schaubühne, Berlin), Miss Julie by August Strindberg and Hamlet by William Shakespeare both directed by Ingmar Bergman (productions from the Royal Dramatic Theatre, Stockholm), Macbeth by Shakespeare and Medea by Euripides both directed by Yukio Ninagawa (the Ninagawa Company from Tokyo), Tango Varsoviano by Teatro del Sur (Buenos Aires), The Grapes of Wrath by the Steppenwolf Theatre Company (Chicago), and Uncle Vanya by Anton Chekhov by the Moscow Art Theatre. For the first international season Thelma Holt received the Olivier/Observer Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Theatre and a special award from Drama Magazine. Among a list of celebrated productions Holt was Producer for Hay Fever by Noel Coward, directed by Peter Hall, starring Judi Dench, produced at Theatre Royal Haymarket, London, Six Characters in Search of an Author by Pirandello, directed by Franco Zeffirelli at the RNT. Holt was named Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1994 and was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, (Golden Rays with Rosette) in 2004 by the Japanese government. She was awarded (with Bill Kenwright) the Tony Award for Best Revival in 1996 (A Doll’s House). Holt was Cameron Mackintosh Professor of Contemporary Theatre at Oxford University and has been a producer with the Royal Shakespeare Company since 2004.
Glenda Jackson CBE
Is an actor and former Member of Parliament (1992–2015). Jackson won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and was discovered by Charles Marowitz during the Theatre of Cruelty. In 1964 she had a breakthrough when she portrayed the French radical Charlotte Corday in the RSC/West End production of Marat/Sade. She reprised the role in the New York production in 1965, which marked her Broadway debut, and in the film version (1967). Jackson’s performance in 1970 in Ken Russell’s film Women in Love gained her the Academy Award (1971) for Best Actress. Jackson received Emmy Awards for her portrayals of Queen Elizabeth I, both in the BBC television miniseries Elizabeth R (1971) and in the film Mary, Queen of Scots (1971). She followed with a second-Best Actress Academy Award for A Touch of Class (1973). In 1992 Jackson left acting and won a seat in the House of Commons representing Hampstead and Highgate in North London. Known as an outspoken critic of the legacy of Margaret Thatcher, after leaving Parliament in 2015, Jackson resumed her acting career and in 2016 starred in a West End production of King Lear. Her performance earned Jackson her fourth Laurence Olivier Award nomination. Further acclaim including a Tony Award followed in 2018, when she appeared in the first Broadway staging of Edward Albee’s Three Tall Women. The next year she reprised her role as King Lear in the play’s Broadway staging. Jackson was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1978.
David Weinberg, PhD
Is a theatre historian and theatre director. The Marowitz Compendium is Weinberg’s second book. He originally collaborated with Charles Marowitz in 1999 at the Malibu Stage Company in Los Angeles and continued to collaborate with him until his death in 2014. Weinberg has worked at West End theaters, including the Arts Theater, Leicester Square Theater, St. James Theater, Trafalgar Studios, and the Soho Theater, as well as Off-West End/regionally/internationally at the Young Vic Theater, Oxford Playhouse, Piper’s Opera House, Cockpit Theater, King’s Head Theater, Rose Playhouse, Theatro Technis, Baron’s Court Theater, Burton Taylor Studio, Etcetera Theater, Actors Lab Theater (Los Angeles), Hudson Theater (Los Angeles), RADA, and a festival hosted by the RSC in Stratford-upon-Avon. In 2012 it was confirmed that he was the first American to direct at the historic Rose Theatre, Bankside, where the plays of Shakespeare and Marlowe were originally performed. He has taught theater studies at Kingston University London and the University of London.
Table of Contents
Foreword by Glenda Jackson CBE
Introduction
Part One OUT OF THE MELTING POT (Four Excerpts)
Dumped in the Melting Pot
The Golden Year
Harold Pinter: Pinteresque until the End
Working with Havel
Part Two PRODUCTION DIARIES
RSC Theatre of Cruelty (1966)
The Four Little Girls by Pablo Picasso (1972)
The Sherlock File (1987)
Part Three PLAYS
The Marowitz Hamlet & Introduction (1968)
Tea with Lady Bracknell (1981)
Epilogue
Remembering Charles Marowitz by Thelma Holt CBE (2014)
Appendices
Artaud at Rodez (1972)
Conversation with Gaston Ferdiere
Conversation with Roger Blin
Conversation with Arthur Adamov
Foreword by Glenda Jackson CBE
Charles and I first met when I auditioned for what, many months later, became the Theatre of Cruelty. He was always work oriented, a style very different to his style as a friend. But whatever his ‘style’, he was always honest, creative, rambunctious absolutely, open to ideas, hungry for innovation, cynical, caustic, fearless and a true, true friend and a true, true believer in the power of theatre, to transform, engage, question, involve, and discover.
His was a transformative view of what a director can, perhaps even, should do. Never mis-lead, always lead, always explore, truth, truth, truth. He was deeply human, sensitive, intelligent, supportive or scathing if the situation warranted it. He was truly an explorer and I still feel privileged that I went on some of his journeys with him.
He would close as many doors as he would open, but he never left you outside on the doorstep. I’ll never forget ‘Charles’, as I always called him, and I am so grateful that I had the opportunity to work with him. Even more, he was a friend, much loved, much missed but never forgotten.
Introduction
During 1963 and 1964 Charles Marowitz and Peter Brook put Artaud’s theories into practice with the Royal Shakespeare Company Experimental Group/Theatre of Cruelty at LAMDA. This was the first full-fledged experimental project of its kind in Britain and injected Artaud’s ideas into contemporaneous theatre practice. Marowitz was the first American to direct at the Royal Shakespeare Company and the first American to direct at the Czech National Theatre (while collaborating with Vaclav Havel). A police raid on his theatre in London during the screening of an Andy Warhol film was the subject of a debate in the British Parliament involving a future prime minister. He wrote over a million words and numerous figures who have come to shape contemporary theatre and larger society were influenced in the formative stages of their careers by Marowitz. Marowitz directed the British premieres of Pablo Picasso’s The Four Little Girls, Samuel Beckett’s Act Without Words II, Arthur Miller’s The Man Who Had All The Luck, Saul Bellow’s The Bellow Plays, and the 1966/67 production of Joe Orton’s Loot, which received the Evening Standard Award for Best Play of the Year.
It has been seven years now since Marowitz’s passing on 2 May 2014 due to complications from Parkinson’s disease. It is important with perspective and hindsight to consider the significance of his life and career and his impact on theatre and the times in which he lived. Without Marowitz the theories and ideas of Antonin Artaud would potentially remain obscure. The entire trajectory and ecology of theatre and performance since the 1960s has been considerably influenced by this alone. The present-day popularity of ‘immersive theater’ was a mode of performance originally popularized in British theatre by Charles Marowitz and Allan Kaprow in the famous ‘Happening’ at the 1963 Edinburgh Drama Conference. The conference may be seen as marking the point when the experimental practices of the Edinburgh Fringe began to proliferate more widely to the rest of the UK.
In 1968 Marowitz started the Open Space Theatre on Tottenham Court Road in collaboration with Thelma Holt. The Open Space was an experimental theater run as a repertory company and introduced many important American writers to the British Theatre including Sam Shepard, Terence McNally, and John Guare. In many respects the Open Space was an Off Broadway Theatre based in London. It hosted an American season of plays in 1969 and continued to premiere many more American plays. The work at the Open Space also included British theatre artists such as Howard Barker and Mike Leigh in the early stages of their careers. There is a gap in our collective understanding of this important figure and a gap in currently available literature about him.
I collaborated with Marowitz four times and he sent me his new writing for feedback over the last fifteen years of his life. In an informal sense I inherited Charles’ collection of theater journals, magazines, and trade publications, and in reading my way through the material I found a number of gems that have not seen the light of day in fifty years or more. I also had works of his that have not been published as well as several hours of recorded interviews with Marowitz and his close associate Jim Haynes. This inspired me to organise a compendium of Marowitz’s unpublished and otherwise obscure but intensely valuable writings.
The purpose of The Marowitz Compendium, is first to spark a posthumous revaluation of Marowitz oeuvre and second to provide an edited collection that surveys his entire contribution to the theatre for generations encountering his work for the first time. The collection contains previously unpublished material including a selected section from Marowitz’s memoir Out of the Melting Pot (2014) as well as the play script for Tea with Lady Bracknell (1981). There is also obscure material of great value such as Marowitz’s 1966 interview with Roger Blin, director of the world premiere of Waiting for Godot. Included in the collection is work that is emblematic of his oeuvre and ‘greatest hits’ or at least reference to them such as the Broadway production diary for Sherlock’s Last Case (1987). The Epilogue is Marowitz Remembered (2014) by Thelma Holt his lifelong friend and closest collaborator.
This chapter introduces Marowitz and places him within the context of contemporaneous theoretical movements and changes in broader culture. In addition, indicators of his influence on performance are identified and discussed. This introduction provides a map of the book so that readers can more easily navigate each section. It also provides a brief description of the methodology, and a set of claims about substantive and theoretical issues at the core of the compendium’s purpose. This book shows that Charles Marowitz had an impact which has not been fully acknowledged or examined to date. It contributes to a more comprehensive and dynamic understanding of the forces which shape theatre and culture today. The audience for this book includes students, postgraduates, specialists, and general readers interested in drama and the history of contemporary theater.
Volume II
Due to the Covid pandemic it was not possible to access the Marowitz archive at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin during the preparation of this collection. The archive contains adaptations of Timon of Athens, and Tartuffe, Poetry by Marowitz (Approximately 75 Pieces) and correspondence with Peter Brook, William Saroyan, Glenda Jackson, Vaclav Havel, Norman Mailer, Arthur Miller, Julie Harris, Lynn Redgrave, Trevor Nunn, Robert Brustein, Robert Lewis, Mel Brooks, Thelma Holt, Dudley Moore, Eric Bentley, Hermione Baddeley, Edward Albee, Larry Gelbart, John Schlesinger, Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber, Kenneth Tynan, Steven Berkoff, Sam Wanamaker, Jonathan Miller, Janet Suzman, and Christopher Fry. Given proper permissions there will almost certainly be a second volume of The Marowitz Compendium, containing some of this unpublished material once the pandemic is over. There are also Village Voice columns, personal columns from the Army (Chateauroux), The Promising Young Man (BBC script), Breach of Faith (BBC script) containing handwritten notes, play reviews, articles, and profiles from the London Guardian, London Times, and the New York Times including lengthy profiles of Peter Brook, Ingmar Bergman, Harold Pinter, and Glenda Jackson. Beyond that there is also the Open Space archive at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.
Biography of Charles Marowitz
1932–2014
Early Years
Marowitz was born in Manhattan on January 26th, 1932, and raised in poverty, the third child of exclusively Yiddish-speaking immigrants, on the Lower East Side of New York City. At the age of sixteen he read The Fervent Years (1945) by Harold Clurman. Clurman detailed the troubled history of the Group Theatre (1931-1941). At the age of seventeen Marowitz founded his own acting company on the Lower East Side of New York. In 1950, while still in High School Marowitz became the youngest theatre critic for the newly formed Village Voice and experienced first-hand the advent of the Off Broadway movement. Greenwich Village, where Marowitz spent his youth, was also the site of Off Broadway Theatres. ‘Off Broadway’ is a geographical demarcation but also has roots in definitions of the alternative theatre movement in America (Aronson 2000).
During the early 1950s Marowitz considered American life to be dominated by superficiality and conformity. He was drafted by the US Army during the Korean War but ended up spending two years stationed in France. He believed French culture could have a civilising influence upon him and began to imagine that he would have a more meaningful life in Europe. In due course he endeavoured to find a drama academy in France that he would be able to attend. However, there were no G.I. Bill approved drama schools in France whereas in England there were approved drama schools in both Glasgow and London. Marowitz opted to train at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in the hope that he would be able to return to France on a regular basis.
London
At the age of twenty-four Charles Marowitz moved to London, during the summer of 1956. Continental influences as well as new American drama were beginning to open new possibilities for the future direction of the British Theatre (Shellard 1999: 17). Along with the work of Ionesco and Adamov and the London premiere of Waiting for Godot, in 1955 at the Arts Theatre, Joan Littlewood’s productions of Brecht promised change in theatre subject matter and practices. These productions were followed by the London tour of the Berliner Ensemble in the autumn of 1956. On 8 May 1956, Look Back in Anger, premiered at the Royal Court Theatre.
The Suez crisis as well as the Hungarian uprising in 1956 led to reverberations in British society. Other factors such as the growing power of young people, changes in family relationships, and new standards of sexual behavior would lead to widespread social upheaval in the two decades which followed. As a relative outsider Marowitz became conscious of certain tendencies within British culture. He found people obsessed with class identity. He found a society in the midst of radical change, given to dissent, anti-establishment fervor, and new trends which were convulsing British culture.
According to Marowitz, he became aware at LAMDA for the first time of the British as opposed to the American approach to acting. He developed a perception that the British approach was somewhat weighted towards voice and movement. He found that from his point of view, the British approach at the time was almost exclusively concerned with externals and uninterested in the concept of inner technique (Rebellato 1999: 78). In his view, Stanislavsky was given mindless lip service. Only one class at LAMDA theoretically touched on his ideas, a bi-weekly improvisation session. Marowitz considered these sessions to be a travesty of Method work, consisting exclusively of improvisations of little playlets worked up by the students under the instructor’s supervision. When some of the other American students who were already versed in the Method suggested that the work they were doing was devoid of appropriate actions, subtext, and palpable contact, the instructor did not appear to understand or be versed in the terminology they were using (Marowitz 1990: 14-15). Marowitz became bitterly disillusioned at LAMDA as did two of his American classmates who left the course. Marowitz wanted to follow suit but had he done so he would have lost his G.I. Bill subsidy and would have had to return to the United States, which he was unwilling to do.
Marowitz considered the training at LAMDA to be backward, although he did encounter some interesting work on verse technique and he was exposed to the habits of established British classical theatre practitioners. He found that acting was thought to be merely a mode of projecting language and physical technique. In his view the school was intellectually and artistically a kind of British feeder for the West End theatre establishment and he felt himself becoming increasingly anti-social. Marowitz decided to branch out into the London theatre itself and directed his first theatre production in Britain at the London Unity Theatre. He directed a production of his own adaptation of Gogol’s comedy Marriage, and the production received a favourable notice in The Times (Marowitz 1990: 17). Marowitz was then asked to work on a Living Newspaper called World on Edge, being devised at Unity in November 1956 on the subject of the recent Suez crisis and the Hungarian uprising (Chambers 1989: 340-345).
Shortly after that production Marowitz started a Method workshop at Unity Theatre which he used to introduce a number of English actors to the principles and ideas of Stanislavsky although Unity had run a Stanislavsky based school in the late 1930s (Chambers 1989: 361). He also developed his own exercises and ideas. Marowitz decided that instead of using material such as Clifford Odets, Gorky, and Arthur Miller he would use Shakespeare, Marlowe, and Webster (Marowitz 1990: 17). After one year at LAMDA Marowitz transferred to the Central School of Speech and Drama but found his experience there to be very similar to that at LAMDA and after his G.I. Bill subsidy ran out, the Method workshop became his primary source of income. He immersed himself as much as possible in the study and practice of Stanislavsky but found that applying this practice to texts by Shakespeare, Marlowe, and Webster was problematic just as others such as Michel Saint-Denis had found before him. Marowitz soon became associated with the Method label and at the age of twenty-nine, wrote his first book entitled The Method as Means (1961).
