Contra el Estado han chocado las mejores intenciones emancipatorias de los pueblos y de los trabajadores, en los dos últimos siglos. Cuando se rebelaron armas en mano, fueron reprimidos hasta el genocidio. Cuando optaron por el camino institucional, sus demandas fueron escamoteadas en los laberintos de las burocracias, a través de la cooptación de sus dirigentes o de la incorporación de movimientos enteros a la gobernabilidad neoliberal. Lo intere- sante del período actual, es que los levantamientos no han cesado, aunque ya no se saldan con exterminios directos sino con una combinación de cooptación y violencia paramilitar que provoca matanzas por goteo.

Pero el cambio mayor consiste en que la tradicional alternativa que dividió el campo de las izquierdas, entre tomar el Estado por asalto u ocuparlo gradualmente, se vio brutalmente alterada desde el aterrizaje del neoliberalismo en la década de 1990. El capital f inanciero más concentrado y volátil consiguió secuestrar los Estados-nación a través de la legislación internacional y la formación de una camada de administradores capacitados para gestionar las instituciones a la medida de las necesidades de la globalización y de la creciente modernización de las fuerzas armadas y policiales.

En ese contexto, los gobiernos «progresistas» no tienen la menor posibilidad –amén de que no tienen la voluntad– de salir del modelo neoliberal ya que no están dispuestos a afrontar las consecuencias, pero, sobre todo, porque el camino estatal se ha revelado como una trampa mayor: implica ingresar en una suerte de cárcel dentro de la cual sólo es posible administrar lo existente. Quienes aspiren a cambiar el mundo deberán hacerlo por fuera de la institucionalidad establecida.

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«Estados para el despojo: del Estado benefactor al Estado neoliberal extractivista», Raúl Zibechi benzeri kitaplar