Kitabı oku: «Memoirs of the Duchesse De Dino (Afterwards Duchesse de Talleyrand et de Sagan), 1841-1850», sayfa 23
II
Note by M. de Bacourt on the conversation of the Comte d'Artois and Prince Talleyrand
("Memoirs of Prince Talleyrand," vol. i. Appendix to the first part.)
We wish to add to this passage251 certain details which M. de Talleyrand had omitted or perhaps forgotten. It is certain that at the time to which this passage refers252 M. de Talleyrand had several interviews with the Comte d'Artois in which he tried to convince the Prince of the necessity for vigorous measures; while supporting the concessions which the King had already made, he urged the energetic repression of the popular agitations which were of daily occurrence and had already stained the streets of the capital with blood. The most important and the last of these interviews took place at Marly on the night of the 16th and 17th of July, 1789, a few hours before the Prince left France. When M. de Talleyrand appeared at the house of the Comte d'Artois the Prince was already in bed, but none the less urged him to come in. The conversation lasted for more than two hours, and M. de Talleyrand again explained the dangers of the situation and begged the Prince to communicate them to the King. The Comte d'Artois in much agitation rose and went to the King, and after a lengthy absence he came back to tell M. de Talleyrand that nothing could be done with the King, who had resolved to yield rather than to shed a drop of blood by resisting the popular demonstrations. "As for me," added the Comte d'Artois, "I have made up my mind that I shall leave France to-morrow morning." M. de Talleyrand vainly urged the Prince to abandon this resolution, pointing out the difficulties and dangers in which it might involve him and showing how it might prejudice his own rights and those of his children in the future. The Comte d'Artois persisted and M. de Talleyrand eventually said, "Then, my Lord, it only remains for each of us to think of his own interests, as the King and the Prince are deserting theirs and those of the monarchy." "That," replied the Prince, "is precisely what I should advise you to do. Whatever may happen I shall never be able to blame you, and you can always rely upon my friendship." The Comte d'Artois left the country the next day.
In the month of April 1814, M. de Talleyrand, who had become President of the Provisional Government, was able to tell the Comte d'Artois, who was then at Nancy awaiting events, that Louis XVIII. had been called to the throne, and that the Prince had been invited to go to Paris to take the post of Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom. He commissioned the Baron de Vitrolles with this message; when the Baron was on the point of departure, while the Prince's despatch was being sealed, M. de Talleyrand walked about with him in the hall of his residence in the Rue St. Florentin and told him the story of the interview of July 16, 1789. He then said, "Oblige me by asking the Comte d'Artois if he remembers this little incident."
M. de Vitrolles, after delivering this important message, asked the Prince M. de Talleyrand's question and received this reply: "I remember the incident perfectly, and M. de Talleyrand's account is entirely correct."
As we were informed that M. de Vitrolles had related this anecdote to several people, we thought it our duty to appeal to his memory and his loyalty; to justify this expression of loyalty it must be said that after the revolution of July 1830 M. de Vitrolles had broken off his relations with M. de Talleyrand and had criticised his actions very severely. Hence the tone of hostility and bitterness which is perceptible in the letter from M. de Vitrolles which we propose to insert here; we think that this hostility will be nothing but a guarantee both for the reader and for ourselves, of the sincerity with which M. de Vitrolles has made his declaration, and of the authenticity of the passage in the Memoirs of M. de Talleyrand. The slight differences which will be noticed in the story as given by M. de Talleyrand and as it appears in the letter from M. de Vitrolles can be naturally explained as the result of lapse of time which has affected the memories of the two narrators. The fact, however, remains certain that M. de Talleyrand in July 1789 believed that the revolutionary movement could be stopped, was strong enough to say what he thought and bold enough to undertake the task of checking it. He is not, perhaps, the only man who boasted of it later, but we think that we have shown at least that he did not boast wrongly. The following is the letter from M. de Vitrolles:
The Baron de Vitrolles to M. de Bacourt
Paris, April 6, 1852.
Sir, – As you have placed some value upon the testimony which I can give with respect to a special incident in the life of M. de Talleyrand, I think that I cannot better satisfy your wish than by copying here what I wrote many years ago in a narrative of the events of 1814.
"When the Emperor of Russia and the Prince de Talleyrand had realised that the presence of the King's brother invested with power as a Lieutenant-General of the Realm became necessary, and when I started to induce Monsieur to come to Paris, I had several interviews on this subject with the President of the Provisional Government (the Prince de Talleyrand). In the last conversation at the moment of departure we discussed the forms and conditions under which Monseigneur was to be received: after a moment's silence the Prince de Talleyrand continued with his gentle smile and in a tone which was intended to be careless and almost indifferent:
"'I beg you to ask the Comte d'Artois if he remembers the last opportunity that I had of seeing him. It was in the month of July 1789, and the Court was at Marly. Three or four of my friends had been startled like myself by the rapidity and violence of the movement which was sweeping men's minds away, and we resolved to inform King Louis XVI. of the real state of affairs of which the Court and the Ministers seemed to be ignorant. We requested His Majesty to be so kind as to receive us. We were anxious that this audience should be kept secret in his interests as well as our own. We were informed that the King had commissioned his brother, the Comte d'Artois, to receive us, and an appointment was given us at Marly in the residence which the Comte d'Artois occupied alone. We arrived there at midnight.'
"M. de Talleyrand told me the precise date and the names of the friends who accompanied him; they were members of the National Assembly and of that minority of nobles who had joined the Third Estate, but I have forgotten both the date and the names.
"'When we came before the Comte d'Artois,' continued M. de Talleyrand, 'we told him with full frankness the state of affairs and of the country as we saw it. We told him that it was a delusion to suppose that the movement that had begun in men's minds could be easily laid to rest. Procrastination, negotiation, and a few concessions were not the means of averting the danger which threatened France, the Throne, and the King. The true means were a strong display of the royal authority wisely and prudently exerted. We knew the ways and means, and our position allowed us to undertake the task and to guarantee success, if the King's confidence called us to act. The Comte d'Artois listened very carefully and fully appreciated our representations, perhaps with the idea that we were exaggerating the danger of the situation and our own powers of improving it; but, as he told us, he had been ordered by the King only to hear us and to bring to him the information which we wished to impart; he could give us no answer and had no power to pledge the King's will or word. At that point we requested the Comte d'Artois to tell the King that if the step we were taking in all good conscience and good faith was not appreciated, if it had no consequence and led to no result, Monseigneur must not be astonished if we followed the new current of national progress, in impotence to stand against the torrent which threatened to sweep everything away. Ask Monsieur, if you please,' repeated M. de Talleyrand, 'if the conversation of that night has remained in his memory; it was just before the time when he left France.'
"I admired the cleverness of the man who could find in one of these recollections an explanation an excuse and almost a justification for the whole of his revolutionary life. He would have found many other similar excuses to justify different and even contrary circumstances. When I heard this story, which was related with a kind of indifference and childlike simplicity, I ventured to doubt whether the recollections of Monsieur would be in complete correspondence with the words I had just heard. However, when I performed M. de Talleyrand's commission at Nancy, Monseigneur told me without going into details that he had not forgotten the incident and that my reminder of the circumstance was in entire harmony with the truth."
I trust, Sir, that this testimony will fulfil your requirements. I thank you for giving me this opportunity of presenting my compliments, and I beg to remain,
Faithfully yours,The Baron de Vitrolles.
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX
[The names followed by an asterisk (*) are those which have been already given with more details in the Biographical Index to vol. I.; those followed by two asterisks (**) have been given in vol. II.]
A
ABERDEEN, Lord* (1784-1860). Diplomatist and English statesman. Prime Minister from 1852-1855.
ACERENZA, the Duchesse d'** (1783-1876). Third daughter of the last Duke of Courlande, and sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.
AFFRE, Denis Auguste** (1793-1848). Archbishop of Paris from 1840; successor to M. de Quélen. On June 25, 1848, in an attempt to stop the bloodshed which had been proceeding for four days in Paris, Mgr. Affre went to one of the barricades of the Faubourg St. Antoine, and was struck by a bullet and died of the wound.
AFFRE (Saint). She lived in the time of Diocletian; after leading a very scandalous life at Augsburg she was converted by the preaching of Saint Narcissus, and received baptism. She underwent martyrdom and death in 304 A.D.
AGOULT, the Vicomtesse d'.* Died in 1841 at Goritz in exile, where she had followed the Dauphine, whose Mistress of the Robes she was.
ALAVA, Don Ricardo de* (1780-1843). Lieutenant-General of the Spanish army.
ALBUFÉRA, the Duchesse d'** (1791-1884). Née de Saint Joseph.
ALDBOROUGH, Lady.* Married Lord Aldborough in 1804.
ALTON SHÉE DE LIGNÈRES, the Comte** (1810-1874). Peer of France in 1836.
ALVENSLEBEN, Count Albert of. Born in 1794. He was Minister of State in Prussia for many years.
AMPÈRE, Jean Jacques* (1800-1864). Distinguished literary man.
ANCELOT, M. (1794-1854). Author of tragedies and comedies, and member of the French Academy.
ANDRAL, Dr. Gabriel (1797-1876). Learned French doctor and son-in-law of M. Royer Collard.
ANGOULÊME, the Duc d'** (1775-1844). Eldest son of King Charles X.
ANHALT-DESSAU, the Duchess of (1796-1850). Frederica of Prussia, daughter of Prince Ludwig of Prussia and of the Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise, married the Duke of Anhalt Dessau in 1818.
APPONYI, Count Antony** (1782-1852). Austrian diplomatist, Ambassador at Paris from 1826-1848. He married a daughter of Count Nogarola.
APPONYI, the Countess. Née Benkendorff, niece of the Princesse de Lieven.
ARAGO, François Dominique (1786-1853). Celebrated astronomer and one of the greatest scientists of the nineteenth century. Formerly a pupil of the Polytechnic School and a member of the Academy of Science. In 1830 he entered upon a political career: as a deputy of the Pyrenees he sat on the extreme Left, and was the orator of the Opposition; at the revolution of 1848 he formed part of the Provisional Government, and directed the Ministries of War and of the Navy.
ARENBERG, Prince Pierre d'* (1790-1877).
ARENBERG, Princesse Pierre d'* (1808-1842). Daughter of the Duc and Duchesse of Périgord.
ARGOUT, the Comte d'** (1782-1858). French politician and financier.
ARNFELD, Baron Gustavus Maurice of (1757-1824). A Swede, born in Finland. He followed a military career, and was rapidly promoted by Gustavus III., who was very fond of him. He incurred the disfavour of the Prince Regent during the minority of Gustavus IV.; was forced to go into exile, and lived in Russia for several years; eventually restored to his old position, he was appointed Swedish Minister at Vienna in 1802. After the cession of Finland to Russia he was made Governor of Finland in 1813.
ARNIM-BOITZENBURG, Count Adolphus of (1803-1868). Minister of State in Prussia. In 1830 he married Countess Caroline of Schulenburg-Wolfsburg.
ARNIM-HEINRICHSDORF, Baron Henry of** (1789-1861). Prussian diplomatist, Minister at Paris from 1840-1848, then Minister of Foreign Affairs at Berlin in 1848 for a short time.
ASSELINE, Adolphe (1806-1892). Private secretary to the Duchesse d'Orléans; he retired after 1848.
ASTON, Sir Arthur Ingram. Born in 1798. An English diplomatist, and Secretary to the Paris Embassy in 1833, and Minister at Madrid in 1840.
AUDIN, J. M. W. (1793-1851). Historian and founder of the famous collection of Guides Richard, which proved very lucrative.
AUERSPERG, Princess Gabrielle of (1793-1863). Née Princess Lobkowitz. She lost her husband, Prince Vincent of Auersperg in 1812.
AUGUSTENBERG, the Duchess of (1795-1867). Louise Countess of Daneskjold married in 1820 the Duke of Augustenberg. She was the mother of Queen Caroline of Denmark, wife of Christian VIII.
AUMALE, Henri d'Orléans, Duc d'** (1822-1897). Fourth son of Louis Philippe, and distinguished for his military talent.
AUMALE, Duchesse d'. Caroline, daughter of the Prince of Salerno, married the Duc d'Aumale in 1844 and died in 1869.
AUSTRIA, the Archduke John of (1782-1859). Son of the Emperor Leopold II. and of Princess Louise of Bourbon, daughter of Charles III., King of Spain. He was elected Vicar of the Empire in 1848 by the Frankfort Assembly, in which he played a somewhat insignificant part.
AUSTRIA, the Archduchess Sophia of* (1805-1872). Daughter of Maximilian I., King of Bavaria, and mother of the Emperor Francis Joseph I.
AUSTRIA, the Emperor Francis Joseph I. of. Born in 1830. Son of the Archduke Francis Charles (1802-1878), and of the Archduchess Sophia, and nephew of the Emperor Ferdinand I., who abdicated in 1848 at Olmütz. Francis Joseph I. ascended the throne before the abdication of his father, which took place immediately afterwards. In 1854 he married his cousin, Princess Elizabeth of Bavaria, who died in 1898.
AUSTRIA, the Archduke Max of (1832-1867). Second brother of the Emperor Francis Joseph, and Governor of Lombardy until 1859; he accepted in 1864 the Imperial Crown of Mexico, where after many grievous disappointments he was shot by his subjects who had appointed him their ruler. This unfortunate Prince married in 1857 Princess Charlotte, daughter of Leopold I., King of the Belgians.
AUSTRIA, the Archduke Albert of (1817-1895). One of the most renowned military figures during the reign of the Emperor Francis Joseph I. In 1844 he married Princess Hildegarde of Bavaria.
AUSTRIA, the Archduchess Elizabeth of (1831-1903). Daughter of the Palatine of Hungary. She married in 1849 Ferdinand Charles Victor, Archduke of Modena Este, who died in 1849; in 1854 she married the Archduke Charles Ferdinand.
AYLESBURY, Lord (1773-1856). Charles Bruce, made Marquis of Aylesbury in 1821.
AYLESBURY (Lady). Died in 1893. Maria, daughter of the Hon. Charles Tollemache, second wife of Lord Aylesbury, whom she had married in 1833. She was very popular in London society.
B
BACH, Alexander, Baron (1813-1870). Austrian statesman, Minister of Justice in 1848, Minister of the Interior in 1849, afterwards appointed Ambassador to the Pope, which office he held until 1867.
BADEN, the Grand Duchess Stephanie of (1789-1860). Née de Beauharnais.* Her husband, the Grand Duke Charles of Baden, died in 1818.
BADEN, the Grand Duke Leopold of** (1790-1858). He succeeded his brother Louis in 1830.
BADEN, the Grand Duchess Sophia of (1801-1865). Daughter of the King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus IV. She married in 1819 Prince Leopold of Baden, who died in 1852.
BADEN, Princess Alexandria of. Born in 1820. She married in 1842 the Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg Gotha.
BALLANCHE, Pierre Simon (1776-1847). Philosopher and mystic; director of a large publishing house at Lyons. He settled in Paris, where he was welcomed by illustrious friends. He published several books marked by real learning, which secured him a place in the French Academy in 1844.
BALZAC, Honoré de** (1799-1850). French man of letters.
BARANTE, the Baron Prosper de.* Diplomatist and French historian; for a long time Ambassador at St. Petersburg.
BARBÈS, Armand (1809-1870). French politician and representative of the people in 1848, nicknamed the "Bayard of the Democracy." He was imprisoned in 1849, released in 1854, but went into voluntary exile and died in Holland.
BARING, Sir Francis (1796-1866). Made Baron Northbrook a short time before his death. He had been a Member of Parliament for Portsmouth from 1826-1865; Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1839-1841, and First Lord of the Admiralty from 1849-1852.
BARING, Lady Arabella (1809-1884). Daughter of the Count of Effingham. She married Sir Francis Baring in 1841, and was his second wife.
BARROT, Odilon* (1791-1873). French politician.
BARRY, Dr. Martin (1802-1855). Of Scotch extraction, he had studied in England, France, and Germany, and took his doctor's degree in 1831. He was a great friend of Alexander von Humboldt.
BASSANO, Hughes Maret, Duc de* (1763-1839). Held important military and political posts under the Empire and the July Monarchy.
BATTHYÁNY, the Countess (1798-1840). By birth Baroness of Ahrenfeldt. She married as her second husband in 1828 Count Gustavus Batthyány Strathmann.
BAUDRAND, General, Count* (1774-1848). Served with distinction under the Republic, the Empire, the Restoration, and the July Monarchy.
BAUFFREMONT, the Duchesse de.** Born in 1771. Née de la Vauguyon. She married in 1787 the Duc Alexandre de Bauffremont. She was a friend of Prince Talleyrand.
BAUFFREMONT, the Princess de** (1802-1860). Laurence, daughter of the Duc de Montmorency, had married in 1819 Prince Théodore de Bauffremont.
BAUSSET, Cardinal** (1748-1824). Bishop of Alais and member of the French Academy.
BAUTAIN, the Abbé** (1796-1867). At first a pupil of the Normal School, he was appointed Vicar-General of the diocese of Paris in 1849.
BAVARIA, King Louis I.** (1786-1868). Ascended the throne in 1825, and abdicated in 1848.
BAVARIA, Queen Theresa of** (1792-1854). Daughter of Duke Frederick of Saxony Altenburg, she married in 1810 Louis I. of Bavaria.
BAVARIA, the Crown Prince of** (1811-1864). Son of Louis I. He succeeded in 1848 to the throne under the name of Maximilian II. He had married in 1842 Princess Maria of Prussia.
BAVARIA, Princess Hildegarde of (1825-1864). She married in 1844 the Archduke Albert, by whom she had a daughter who afterwards married a Duke of Wurtemberg.
BEAUFORT, Duke Henry of (1792-1848). He first married in 1814 a daughter of the Hon. Henry Fitzroy, and in 1822 Emily Frances Smith, of the Wellesley family on her mother's side. Her husband inherited her father's title in 1835.
BEAUVALE, Lord (1782-1852). Frederick Lamb.* English diplomatist, brother of Lord Melbourne, to whose title he succeeded in 1848.
BELGIANS, the King of* (1790-1865). Leopold I., Prince of Coburg-Gotha.
BELGIANS, the Queen of** (1812-1850). Louise, Princesse d'Orléans, daughter of King Louis Philippe.
BELGIOJOSO, the Princesse Christine** (1808-1871). Remarkable for her beauty, her wit, and her eccentricity. She became famous for her liberal ideas. In 1846 she published an Essay on the Formation of Catholic Dogma which aroused much discussion.
BELLUNE, Victor, Duc de (1766-1841). Marshal of France.
BELOW, General von (1783-1864). A Prussian general who commanded the Federal Fortresses from 1843-1847.
BEM, General Joseph* (1795-1850). A Pole, he first saw service in the Polish Artillery in 1812, and covered himself with glory in the insurrection of 1830, and at the time of the defence of Warsaw in 1831. On his defeat he took refuge in France, and reappeared in Vienna in 1848, at the time of the insurrection, when he joined the Hungarians, who had revolted against Austria. He afterwards embraced Mohammedanism, and took service in Turkey.
BENACET, M. (1773-1848). Director of the Baden gambling houses, and successor to M. Chabert. He paid six thousand florins a year for the privilege; his son, who succeeded him, paid forty-five thousand. On the death of the latter in 1868, his nephew, M. Dupressoir, obtained this inheritance. To them Baden owes its theatre, its hospital, and part of its prosperity.
BENNINGSEN, Count Alexander von. Born in 1809. A German statesman, son of the famous Russian general. He had studied in Germany, entered the Financial Chamber, and became chief overseer of taxes in Hanover. In 1848 he was President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He resigned in 1850.
BÉRIOT, Charles Auguste de (1802-1870). Famous Belgian violinist, and one of the most remarkable virtuosos of his time. He married Madame Malibran.
BERNARD, Samuel (1651-1739). Rich financier and famous contractor. He made a noble use of his immense fortune, and came to the help of Kings Louis XIV. and Louis XV., with whom he was in very high favour. Chamaillard and Desmaret borrowed considerable sums of him for State purposes.
BERNSTORFF, Count Albert von (1809-1873). Prussian diplomatist and successively Minister Plenipotentiary at Munich, Vienna, Naples, and London; Minister of Foreign Affairs for Prussia and Ambassador at London.
BERRYER, Antoine* (1790-1868). Celebrated lawyer and Legitimist orator, member of the French Academy and several times deputy.
BERTIN DE VEAUX, M.* (1771-1842). Founded the Journal des Débats, was Councillor of State and Deputy.
BERTIN DE VEAUX, Auguste (1799-1879). Cavalry officer and attaché to the staff of the Duc d'Orléans. He was a deputy from 1837 to 1842 and then peer of France. He was appointed brigadier-general in 1852 and chief officer of the Legion of Honour in 1867.
BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, Moritz Augustus von (1795-1877). German lawyer, a friend of Savigny, and an authority on jurisprudence. He held the post of Minister of Public Worship in Prussia in 1848 and showed unusual competence as Minister of Education. He resigned in 1852.
BÉTHISY, the Marquis de (1815-1881). Peer of France till 1848. He married a daughter of the Duc de Rohan-Chabot.
BEUST, Count Frederick Ferdinand of (1809-1886). Saxon statesman and Minister of Foreign Affairs in Saxony in 1849. Summoned to Austria after the war of 1866, he became President of the Austrian Council with the title of Chancellor of the Empire. He cleverly reconciled Austria with Hungary and secured the coronation of the Emperor Francis Joseph, King of Hungary, at Pesth on June 8, 1867. In 1871 he was appointed Austrian Ambassador at Paris and afterwards at London, where he died.
BIGNON, François (1789-1868). A business man of Nantes. Knight of the Legion of Honour, and appointed deputy in 1834. His business capacity gave him a certain position in the Chamber.
BINZER, Frau von** (1801-1891). Wife of a German man of letters.
BIRON-COURLANDE (Prince Charles of).** Born in 1811.
BIRON-COURLANDE (Princess Charles of). Born in 1810 as Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, and married Prince Biron in 1833.
BIRON-COURLANDE, Princess Fanny of** (1815-1883). Sister of the Countess of Hohenthal. She married General von Boyen.
BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Calixtus von (1817-1882). He inherited in 1848 the seniority and the lands of his brother Charles. After spending some years in the Prussian military service, he afterwards held a high position at the Prussian Court. In 1845 he married Princess Helena Mertschersky.
BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Peter of (1818-1852). Cuirassier officer in Prussia.
BLUM, Robert (1807-1848). Famous German revolutionist. He was first known as the editor of several newspapers, and in 1848 he was appointed Deputy to the Frankfort Parliament. He was one of the most ardent promoters of the rising at Vienna; was taken prisoner and shot by the victorious troops of the Government.
BODELSCHWINGH, Charles von (1800-1873). Prussian Minister of State, who twice held the post of Financial Minister, from 1851-1858, and from 1862-1866.
BOIGNE, the Comtesse de* (1780-1866). Born Adèle d'Osmond. Her salon was one of the most important at Paris from 1814-1859.
BOISMILON, M. de. At first private secretary to the Duc d'Orléans and afterwards tutor to the Comte de Paris.
BONALD, the Vicomte de (1754-1840). The most famous representative of the monarchical and religious doctrines of the Restoration. Exiled in 1791, he did not return to France until the proclamation of the Empire. From 1815 to 1822 he was a Deputy, and was made a peer of France in 1823, and afterwards member of the Academy. He devoted his pen and his oratorical powers to the maintenance of the Crown and the Church, thus contributing to facilitate the return of religious ideas to France.
BONAPARTE, Lucien* (1773-1840). Third brother of Napoleon I.; made Prince of Canino by Pope Pius VII.
BONAPARTE, Prince Louis** (1808-1873). Son of Louis Bonaparte and of Hortense de Beauharnais. After an adventurous youth he took advantage of the events of 1848 to secure his nomination as President of the Republic, and re-established the Empire to his own advantage in 1852, taking the name of Napoleon III.
BONIN, General Eduard von (1793-1865). At the head of a body of Prussian troops in 1848, he was ordered to occupy the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, where he afterwards organised a national army. In 1852 he took the place of General Stockhausen as Minister of War at Berlin.
BORDEAUX, the Duc de* (1820-1883). Son of the Duc de Berry and grandson of Charles X.; he also bore the title of Comte de Chambord.
BOURQUENEY, the Comte de* (1800-1869). French diplomatist; appointed Ambassador at Constantinople in 1844 and at Vienna in 1859.
BRAGANZA, the Duchess Amelia of* (1812-1873). Daughter of the Duke Eugène of Leuchtenberg and second wife of Pedro I. Emperor of Brazil.
BRANDENBURG, Count Frederick William of (1792-1850). A son of the morganatic marriage of King Frederick William II. with the Countess Dönhoff. He entered the army at an early age: in 1848 he took the place of Herr von Pfuel as leader of the Prussian Cabinet, and in November 1849 was sent to Warsaw to negotiate with Russia concerning the conflict between Austria and Prussia.
BRANDENBURG (the Countess of). Née Massenbach, she married the Count of Brandenburg in 1818. For several years she was chief lady to Queen Elizabeth of Prussia.
BRANDHOFEN, Frau von. Née Anne Plochel in 1802; she married morganatically in 1827 the Archduke John of Austria; she then received the title of Baroness of Brandhofen which was changed in 1845 to that of Countess of Meran.
BRAZIL, the Emperor Dom Pedro II. of (1825-1891). Succeeded his father under the regency in 1831 and became ruler in 1840. In 1843 he married Princess Theresa of Bourbon, daughter of Francis I. King of the Two Sicilies. The revolution drove him out of Brazil in 1890.
BREDY, Hugo von (1792-1848). Austrian officer of artillery: major-general in 1846. He was killed in the Vienna Insurrection on October 6, 1848.
BRESSON, Comte* (1788-1847). French diplomatist.
BRESSON, Comtesse. Née de Cominge-Guitaut, of a noble Burgundian family.
BRIFAUT, Charles (1787-1867). Poet and French man of letters; member of the French Academy. He wrote with the same enthusiasm upon the birth of the King of Rome and the return of Louis XVIII.
BRIGNOLE-SALE, the Marquis Antoine de (1786-1863). Born of an old illustrious family of Genoa, he was first reporter to the Imperial Council of State, then Prefect of Savona, and in 1814 Plenipotentiary Minister for the town of Genoa at the Council of Vienna. He supported the Monarchy in Savoy and became Chief of the Royal University in 1816, Ambassador at Rome in 1839, and afterwards Ambassador at Paris where he remained for many years.
BRIGNOLE-SALE, the Marquise de. Née Durazzo. She was the mother of the Duchesse Melzi and of the Duchesse de Galliera.
BROGLIE, Duc Victor de* (1785-1870). Chief of the Doctrinaire Party and several times Minister under Louis-Philippe. He had married Albertine de Staël, who died in 1840.
BRONZINO, Angiolo (1502-1572). Italian painter, born at Florence.
BROUGHAM, Lord Henry* (1778-1868). English politician.
BRUGES, Madame de. Died in 1897. Née Emilie de Zeuner. She had married as her first husband the Comte de Bruges, a French émigré in Prussia, while her second husband was General von Berger of the Prussian service.
BRUNNOW, Baron (1796-1875). A Russian diplomatist. Minister at Darmstadt in 1839. He was appointed London Ambassador in 1840 after negotiating the marriage of the Hereditary Grand Duke, who became Alexander II. He took a large share in the negotiations which led to the conclusion of the treaty of the quadruple alliance on July 15, 1840, in which French politics received so severe a check. Accredited to the Germanic Confederation in 1855 he was nominated, together with Count Orloff, to represent the Russian Government at the Congress of Paris in 1856.
BRUNSWICK, Duke William of (1806-1884). This Prince took the reins of government in 1825, after the flight of his brother Charles, and became definite ruler of the duchy from 1837.
BUGEAUD DE LA PICONNERIE, Marshal (1784-1849). Entered the army in 1804 and served with distinction in the campaigns under the Empire; he then withdrew to his estate of Excideuil in Dordogne after the fall of Napoleon. Recalled to active service in 1830 he loyally supported the new monarchy, energetically repressed several insurrections at Paris and was sent to Algiers in 1836, where he defeated Abd-el-Kader and forced him to accept the treaty of Tafna. In 1840 he was appointed Governor of Algeria and showed fine administrative powers, defeated the forces of Morocco in the battle of Isly and consolidated the French possessions in Northern Africa.
