Mit dem Wort «Philosophie» verbindet man gewöhnlich den Versuch, ein umfassendes Weltbild zu entwerfen und zu begründen. Die Metaphysik ist das Herzstück dieser theoretischen Unternehmung. Über den Bereich des naturwissenschaftlich Überprüfbaren hinaus versucht die Metaphysik letzte Grundfragen vor dem kritischen Auge der Vernunft zu prüfen: Gibt es Beständiges, oder ist alles im Fluss? Gibt es nur Materie oder auch Geist? Gibt es Freiheit, oder ist alles determiniert? Gibt es autonome Personen oder nur das biologische Lebewesen Mensch?

DIE WIRKLICHKEIT DES GEISTES

Schon die Denker der Antike fragten sich, ob die Seele vom Körper verschieden sei, vielleicht sogar den Tod des Körpers überleben könnte. Wie kommt es, dass unser Gehirn etwas erlebt und fühlt? Hat der menschliche Geist eigenständige kausale Kräfte oder ist er nur ein wirkungsloses Nebenprodukt des Gehirns? Können die Gesetze der Physik vom Geist außer Kraft gesetzt werden? Drei klassische Positionen werden dargestellt und kritisch hinterfragt: Dualismus, Identitätstheorie und der Materialismus, der die Existenz des Geistes leugnet.

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