Kitabı oku: «A Synopsis of the Birds of North America», sayfa 10
132. 2. Regulus Satrapa, Lichtenstein. American Golden-crested Kinglet
Plate CLXXXIII. Male and Female.
Male with the upper parts yellowish-green, changing to ash-grey on the neck and sides of the head, to greenish-yellow on the rump; a band of greyish-white across the anterior part of the forehead, which, at the eye, separates into two bands, one extending over, the other under the eye; above this, a broadish band of black, also margining the head on either side; the inner webs and tips of the feathers of this black band pure yellow; the crown of the head, in the included space, bright orange with silky gloss; a dusky spot at the anterior angle of the eye; an obscure dusky line from the angle of the mouth to beneath the eye; quills and coverts dusky, the former margined with greenish-yellow; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts broadly tipped with yellowish-white; base of all the quills, except the four outer yellowish-white; from the seventh primary to the innermost secondary but two, a broad bar of blackish-brown; tail dusky, the feathers edged with greenish-yellow, lower parts greyish-white. Female differs chiefly in having pale yellow substituted for the flame colour of the crown, and less grey on the hind neck. Young without coloured feathers on the head.
Male, 4, 7.
Breeds in Labrador and Newfoundland. In autumn migrates to the Southern States, as far as Texas. Columbia River.
Golden-crested Wren, Sylvia Regulus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 126.
Regulus cristatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 91.
American Fiery-crowned Wren, Regulus tricolor, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 420.
American Golden-crested Wren, Regulus tricolor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 476.
133. 3. Regulus Calendula, Linn. Ruby-crowned Kinglet
Plate CXCV. Male and Female.
Upper parts greenish-olive, anteriorly tinged with grey, on the rump inclining to yellow; a patch of vermilion on the crown of the head; quills and tail dusky, edged with greenish-yellow; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts tipped with greyish-white, a circle of the same round the eye; lower parts greenish-white. Female similar, with the tints duller, especially the greenish-yellow of the wings. Young without the coloured patch on the crown, and more deeply tinged with yellow beneath.
Male, 41/4, 6.
Breeds in Labrador. In autumn migrates to the Southern States, as far as Texas. Abundant.
Ruby-crowned Wren, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 83.
Regulus Calendula, Bonap. Syn. p. 91.
Ruby-crowned Wren, Sylvia Calendula, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 415.
Ruby-crowned Regulus, Regulus Calendula, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 546.
GENUS II. SIALIA, Swains. BLUE BIRD
Bill of ordinary length, nearly straight, broader than high at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight and slightly declinate, until near the end, when it becomes convex, the ridge narrow, the sides convex toward the end, the edges overlapping, with a distinct notch close to the narrow deflected tip; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length, and narrow, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the edges direct, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, oval. Head rather large, ovate, neck short; body moderately full. Feet of ordinary length, rather slender; tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw, its lower scutella only distinct; toes of moderate length, the first stouter, the lateral equal, the third much longer; the fourth adherent at the base; claws moderate, well curved, compressed, laterally grooved, acute. Plumage soft and blended; short bristles at the base of the upper mandible. Wings very long, pointed; the first quill very small, second, third, and fourth longest. Tail rather long, emarginate, of twelve rather strong feathers.
134. 1. Sialia Wilsoni, Swains. Common Blue Bird
Plate CXIII. Male, Female, and Young.
Male with the upper parts ultramarine blue, the lower parts light chestnut-red, excepting the abdomen, which is white. Female with the upper parts dull greyish-blue, brighter behind; lower parts as in the male, but much duller. Young with the upper part of the head, hind neck, and part of the back greyish-brown, the rest as in the female, the lower parts light grey, the feathers on the breast and sides margined with brown.
Male, 7, 10. Female, 61/2.
Generally distributed from Texas to the Fur Countries. Vast numbers spend the winter in the Southern States. Columbia River. Migratory.
Blue Bird, Sylvia Sialis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 56.
Saxicola Sialis, Bonap. Syn. p. 39.
Erythaca (Sialia) Wilsonii, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 210.
Blue Bird, Ampelis Sialis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 444.
Blue Bird, Sylvia Sialis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 84; v. v. p. 452.
135. 2. Sialia occidentalis, Townsend. Western Blue Bird
Plate CCCXCIII. Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female.
Male with the upper parts and throat ultramarine blue; fore part of back, breast, and sides, light chestnut-red; rest of lower parts light blue, the abdomen whitish. Female with the upper parts dull greyish-blue, the back tinged with brown, the wing-coverts and rump brighter; lower parts pale red, the abdomen light grey.
Male, 7; wing, 45/12. Female, 63/4.
North California, and Oregon Territory. Abundant. Migratory.
Sialia occidentalis, Western Blue Bird, Towns. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 188.
Western Blue Bird, Sylvia occidentalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 41.
136. 3. Sialia arctica, Swains. Arctic Blue Bird
Plate CCCXCIII. Fig. 2. Male. Fig. 3. Female.
Male with the upper parts light ultramarine, with a tinge of green; sides of the head, fore neck, and sides of neck, and the anterior half of the breast, light greenish-blue, that colour gradually fading into white behind. Female with the upper parts light greyish-brown, the rump and wing-coverts blue; fore part of neck and anterior portion of the breast reddish-grey, the rest of the lower parts pale brownish-grey.
Male, 71/4; wing, 47½/12. Female, 63/4; wing, 42/12.
Columbia River, Rocky Mountains, and Fur Countries. Abundant. Migratory.
Erythaca (Sialia) Arctica, Arctic Blue Bird, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 209.
Arctic Blue Bird, Sialia Arctica, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 573.
Arctic Blue Bird, Sylvia Arctica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 38.
FAMILY XII. TURDINÆ. THRUSHES
Bill short, or of moderate length, rather strong, straight, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal outline a little convex and declinate, the tip small, rather acute, the notches small; lower mandible with the angle rather short, of moderate width, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the tip acute. Head oblong, compressed, of moderate size; neck rather short; body moderate. Eyes of moderate size. External aperture of ear large and roundish. Feet of moderate strength; tarsus compressed, with seven anterior scutella; toes rather strong, compressed; first, second, and fourth, nearly equal, third much longer, and adherent to the fourth at the base; claws rather long, arched, compressed, laterally grooved, acute. Plumage rather blended. Bristles small. Wings of moderate length, broad, rounded; the first quill very small, third and fourth longest. Tail of twelve feathers, varying in length. Tongue sagittate, and papillate at the base, slender, tapering, its tip slit. Œsophagus rather narrow, without crop; proventriculus oblong; stomach a gizzard of moderate strength, its lateral and lower muscles distinct; the epithelium dense and rugous; intestine of moderate length; cœca very small, cylindrical. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.
GENUS I. CINCLUS, Bechst. DIPPER
Bill rather short, slender, slightly ascending, much compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal line straight until toward the end, the ridge rounded, the sides convex, the edges somewhat inflected, with an obscure notch close to the narrow deflected tip; lower mandible slightly bent upwards, the angle medial and very narrow, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the tip narrow and rather acute. Nostrils linear, direct, exposed. General form short, full, and compact. Head oblong, compressed. Legs strong; tarsus of moderate length, compressed, covered anteriorly with a long undivided plate and four inferior scutella; toes rather large and strong; claws arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, that of the hind toe considerably larger. Plumage ordinary, rather blended. Bristles obsolete. Wings rather short, convex, rounded. Tail short, even.
137. 1. Cinclus Americanus, Swains. American Dipper
Plate CCCLXX. Adult. Plate CCCCXXXV. Young.
Head and neck chocolate-brown, upper parts very deep bluish-grey, lower somewhat lighter, and tinged anteriorly with brown. Young with the upper parts deep bluish-grey, the head and hind neck slightly tinged with brown; lower parts lighter, the feathers margined with whitish, the throat with a slight tinge of brown.
Male, 71/2, 101/2.
Rocky Mountains. Oregon Territory. North California. Not abundant.
Cinclus Pallasii, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 173.
Cinclus Americanus, American Dipper, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 173.
Black Water-Ouzel or Dipper, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 358.
American Dipper, Cinclus Americanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 493; v. v. p. 303.
GENUS II. ORPHEUS, Swains. MOCKING-BIRD
Bill of moderate length or longish, rather slender, straight or slightly arched, broader than high at the base, compressed toward the end, acute; upper mandible with the ridge rather narrow, the sides convex toward the end, the notches very slight, the tip narrow; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length, the dorsal line straight or slightly decurved toward the end, the sides nearly erect, the tip narrow. Nostrils oblong, partially concealed by the feathers. Head of ordinary size, ovato-oblong; neck of moderate length; body rather slender. Feet of ordinary length, slender; tarsus scarcely so long as the middle toe and claw; hind toe of moderate length, stout, lateral toes equal; claws moderate, arched, compressed, acute. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles rather long. Wings of ordinary length, broad, rounded, the first quill very small, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail very long, straight, much rounded, or graduated.
138. 1. Orpheus polyglottus, Linn. Grey Mocking-Bird
Plate XXI. Male and Female.
Upper parts light grey tinged with yellowish-brown; feathers of the wings and tail greyish-black; primary coverts white, as are the primary quills in their proximal part; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts tipped with white; outer tail-feather white, as are the greater part of the next, and a portion of the third toward the end; lower parts greyish-white, on the breast tinged with brown, on the sides and under the tail with yellow. Female smaller, with the tints duller, and the white markings on the wings less extended.
Male, 91/2, 131/2. Female, 9, 121/2.
From Texas to Massachusetts. In the interior up the Mississippi and Ohio, to Henderson in Kentucky. Abundant and resident in the southern parts.
Mocking Bird, Turdus polyglottus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 14.
Turdus polyglottus, Bonap. Syn. p. 74.
Mocking Bird, Turdus polyglottus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 320.
Mocking Bird, Turdus polyglottus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 108; v. v. p. 438.
139. 2. Orpheus montanus, Townsend. Mountain Mocking-Bird
Plate CCCLXIX. Fig. 1. Male.
Upper parts greyish-brown; feathers of the wings and tail greyish-black; tips of secondary coverts, edges of primary quills, and a large spot at the end of the three lateral tail-feathers, white; lower parts whitish, marked with triangular dusky spots, of which there is a distinct line from the base of the bill; throat, middle of the breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts, unspotted.
Male, 8; wing, 39/12.
Rocky Mountains. Common. Migratory.
Orpheus montanus, Mountain Mocking-Bird, Towns. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 192.
Mountain Mocking Bird, Turdus montanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 487.
140. 3. Orpheus Carolinensis, Linn. Black-capped Mocking-Bird. – Cat Bird
Plate CXXVIII. Male and Female.
Blackish-grey, lighter beneath; upper part of head black; lower tail-coverts deep red. Female with the tints duller. Lateral tail-feathers more or less banded with lighter, sometimes whitish tints.
Male, 9, 12.
From Texas to Massachusetts, inland to the Missouri. Accidental in the Fur Countries. Constant resident in the Southern States. Abundant.
Cat Bird, Turdus lividus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 90.
Turdus felivox, Bonap. Syn. p. 75.
Orpheus felivox, Cat Bird, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 192.
Cat Bird, Turdus felivox, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 332.
Cat Bird, Turdus felivox, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 171; v. v. p. 440.
141. 4. Orpheus rufus, Linn. Ferruginous Mocking-Bird. – Thrushes. Brown Thrush
Bill and tail more elongated than in the other species, wings shorter. Upper parts light brownish-red; inner webs of quills dusky. Wings crossed by two white bars margined anteriorly with black, being on the tips of the first row of small and secondary coverts; lower parts yellowish-white, the breast and sides marked with triangular dark brown spots. Female smaller.
Male, 111/2, 13.
From Texas eastward, and to the Fur Countries, breeding everywhere. Abundant, and resident in the Southern and Western States.
Ferruginous Thrush, Turdus rufus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 83.
Turdus rufus, Bonap. Syn. p. 75.
Orpheus rufus, Fox-coloured Mocking-Bird, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 189.
Ferruginous Thrush or Thrasher, Turdus rufus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 328.
Ferruginous Thrush, Turdus rufus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 102; v. v. p. 441.
GENUS IV. TURDUS, Linn. THRUSH
Bill of moderate length or shortish, rather stout, straight, broader than high at the base, compressed toward the end, acute; upper mandible with the ridge rather narrow, the sides convex toward the end, the notches small, the tip narrow; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length, the dorsal line ascending, slightly convex, the sides rounded, the tip narrow. Nostrils oblong, partially concealed by the feathers. Head of ordinary size, ovate; neck rather short; body rather full. Feet longish, rather strong; tarsus as long as the middle toe and claw; hind toe rather stout; lateral toes equal; claws arched, compressed, acute. Plumage soft and rather blended. Wings of moderate length, rounded, the first quill very small, the third and fourth longest. Tail rather long, nearly even.
142. 1. Turdus migratorius, Linn. Migratory Thrush. – Robin
Plate CXXXI. Male, Female, and Young.
Male with the bill yellow, the upper part and sides of the head black; upper parts dark grey with an olivaceous tinge; quills blackish-brown, margined with light grey; tail brownish-black, the outer two feathers tipped with white; three white spots about the eye, throat white, densely streaked with black; lower part of fore neck, breast, sides, axillars, and lower wing-coverts reddish-orange; abdomen white; lower tail-coverts dusky, tipped with white. Female with the tints paler. Young with the fore neck, breast, and sides, pale-reddish, spotted with dusky, the upper parts darker than in the adult. Bill at first dusky, ultimately pure yellow.
Male, 10, 14. Female, 9, 13.
From Texas eastward and northward, to the Fur Countries. Throughout the interior. Winters in abundance in all the southern States. Columbia River. Abundant.
Robin, Turdus migratorius, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 35.
Turdus migratorius, Bonap. Syn. p. 75.
Merula migratoria, Red-breasted Thrush, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 176.
American Robin or Migratory Thrush, Turdus migratorius, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 338.
American Robin or Migratory Thrush, Turdus migratorius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 190; v. v. p. 442.
143. 2. Turdus nævius, Gmel. Varied Thrush
Plate CCCLXIX. Fig. 2, 3. Male. Plate CCCCXXXIII. Fig. 6. Female.
Male with the bill black, the upper parts deep leaden-grey, the head darker; quills and tail-feathers dusky, the outer webs of the latter tinged with grey, and their tips white; lore dusky; a band of reddish-orange from over the fore part of the eye down the side of the neck; two conspicuous bands of the same crossing the wing obliquely, being formed by the tips of the first row of small coverts, and those of the secondary coverts; outer webs of primary coverts about the middle, a band on the primaries near the base, part of their outer webs towards the end, and the tips of the secondaries pale reddish-orange; lower parts light reddish-orange, paler behind; a band of greyish-black passing down the side of the neck, and a belt of the same crossing its lower part; feathers of the sides tipped with bluish-grey; those of the middle of the abdomen white; lower tail-coverts tipped with white; axillar feathers white, tipped with grey, smaller coverts grey, tipped with reddish-white; primary coverts grey, secondary nearly white. Female similar, with the upper parts tinged with olive-brown, the reddish-orange bands much paler, the tail-feathers margined with dull reddish-brown; a band on the lore down the sides of the neck and across it light greyish-brown; the orange tints of the lower parts much paler.
Male, 101/2, wing, 51/4. Female, 10, wing, 52/12.
Columbia River, North California, and Fur Countries. Abundant. Migratory.
Orpheus meruloides, Thrush-like Mock-Bird, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 187.
Varied Thrush, Turdus nævius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 489; v. v. p. 284.
144. 3. Turdus mustelinus, Gmel. Wood-Thrush
Plate LXXIII. Male and Female.
Upper parts light yellowish-brown, the head and hind neck of a tint approaching to reddish-orange; the rump and tail-coverts duller and of an olivaceous tint; quills and tail-coverts light olive-brown, the outer webs of the coverts and quills like the back; eyes margined with a whitish circle; lower parts white, anteriorly tinged with yellow, the sides and lower part of the neck, the fore part of the breast, and the sides of the body marked with large roundish or broadly ovato-triangular decided brownish-black spots.
Male, 8, 13.
From Texas to Nova Scotia, and throughout the interior. Many spend the winter in Louisiana, Florida, and Texas. Abundant.
Wood Thrush, Turdus melodus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 35.
Turdus mustelinus, Bonap. Syn. p. 75.
Wood Thrush, Turdus mustelinus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 343.
Wood Thrush, Turdus mustelinus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 372; v. v. p. 446.
145. 4. Turdus Wilsoni, Bonap. Tawny Thrush
Plate CLXVI. Male.
Wings with the third quill largest, the fourth scarcely shorter, and slightly exceeding the second. Upper parts uniform light reddish-brown, a little deeper on the head; quill and tail-coverts light olive-brown, the outer webs of the former like the back; lower parts greyish-white, the sides and lower part of the neck, and a small portion of the breast tinged with pale yellowish-brown, and marked with small faint and undecided triangular brown spots. Female an inch less in length than the male, but otherwise similar.
Male, 72/12, 12.
From Texas to the Fur Countries, as well as in the interior. Resident in winter in the Floridas, though the greater number remove beyond the United States. Rather abundant.
Tawny Thrush, Turdus mustelinus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 98.
Turdus Wilsonii, Bonap. Syn. p. 76.
Merula minor (Swainson), Little Tawny Thrush, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 179, Plate 36. The description and figure clearly refer to the present species.
Wilson's Thrush or Veery, Turdus Wilsonii, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 349.
Tawny Thrush, Turdus Wilsonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 362; v. v. p. 446.
146. 5. Turdus solitarius, Wils. Hermit Thrush
Plate LVIII. Male and Female.
Wings with the fourth quill longest, the third and fifth equal and slightly shorter, the second nearly equal to the sixth. Upper parts light olivaceous brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts brownish-red, as is the tail; quills dusky brown, margined with reddish-brown; a whitish ring round the eye; lower parts white, the sides tinged with greyish-olive, the fore part of the neck very slightly with yellowish-brown, and marked with rather decided ovato-triangular dusky brown spots of moderate size. The female is smaller, but otherwise similar.
Male, 7, 101/2.
From Texas to the Fur Countries. Resident in winter from the Carolinas southward. Rather common.
Hermit Thrush, Turdus solitarius, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 95.
Turdus minor, Bonap. Syn. p. 75.
Little or Hermit Thrush, Turdus minor, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 346.
Merula solitaria, Hermit Thrush, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 184.
Hermit Thrush, Turdus minor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 303; v. v. p. 445.
