Kitabı oku: «A Synopsis of the Birds of North America», sayfa 15

200. 1. Loxia curvirostra, Linn. Common Crossbill

Plate CXCVII. Male, Female, and Young.

Male dull light red, inclining to vermilion; the wings and tail blackish-brown, the feathers narrowly margined with dull red. Female with the upper parts greyish-brown, tinged with green, the rump dull greenish-yellow, the sides of the head and neck of the same colour as the back, the lower parts pale greyish-yellow, brighter on the fore part of the breast, wings and tail as in the male, but the feathers edged with dull yellowish. Young with the central part of the feathers greyish-brown, the edges yellowish-grey, the upper parts thus appearing spotted, the lower streaked with dusky. Young males vary in the tints of the plumage from yellowish-green to orange and vermilion.

Male, 7, 10.

From Maryland eastward and northward, to lat. 52. Breeds in Pennsylvania, New York, and the north-eastern States to Nova Scotia. Common. Migratory.

American Crossbill, Curvirostra americana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 44.

Loxia curvirostra, Bonap. Syn. p. 117.

Common Crossbill, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 583.

Common Crossbill, Loxia curvirostra, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 559; v. v. p. 511.

201. 2. Loxia leucoptera, Gmel. White-winged Crossbill

Plate CCCLXIV. Male, Female, and Young.

Bill excessively compressed, with the mandibles less curved. Male rich carmine, inclining to crimson; the feathers on the fore part and middle of the back dusky, excepting the tips; the scapulars, wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail black; two broad bands of white on the wings, the anterior formed by the first row of small coverts, and several of those adjoining, the other by the secondary coverts, of which the basal half only is black. Female with the feathers of the upper parts dusky, edged with greyish-yellow, the rump wax-yellow; the wings and tail as in the male, but with the white bands of less breadth; lower parts yellowish-grey, streaked with dusky, the fore part of the breast wax-yellow. Young similar to the female, but with the lower parts dull yellowish-grey, spotted and streaked with dark brown.

Male, 61/2, 105/8. Female, 61/4, 10.

During winter, as far south as Maryland. Not uncommon in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, where a few breed. Common in Maine, Nova Scotia, Labrador, and the Fur Countries. Migratory.

White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 48.

Loxia leucoptera, Bonap. Syn. p. 117.

White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p.

Loxia leucoptera, White-winged Crossbill, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 263.

White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 540.

White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 467.

GENUS XIV. CORYDALINA, Aud. LARK-FINCH

Bill of the same form as in the Guiraca, but smaller, and approaching to that of Dolichonyx, being short, robust, conical, a little compressed; upper mandible a little narrower, with the dorsal line very slightly convex, the ridge indistinct, the nasal sinus very broad and short, the sides convex, the edges ascending for a third of their length, then direct, the notches almost obsolete, the tip narrow; lower mandible with the angle short and very broad, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the back broad, the sides rounded, the edges inflected, the tip pointed. Nostrils basal, roundish. Head large, ovate; neck short; body full. Feet of moderate length, stout; tarsus of ordinary length, compressed, with seven scutella; toes rather large, the first stouter, the lateral equal, the third very long. Claws rather long, arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, tapering to a very acute point. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles at the base of upper mandible feeble. Wings of moderate length, the outer three quills nearly equal, the second longest, the fourth slightly shorter than the third; outer secondaries broadly rounded and emarginate; inner tapering to a rounded point, one of them, when the wing is closed, little shorter than the outer primaries. Tail of moderate length, a little rounded. Name from [Greek: Korydalos], a lark.

202. 1. Corydalina bicolor, Towns. Prairie Lark-Finch

Plate CCCXC. Fig. 2. Male. Fig. 3. Female.

Male black, slightly tinged with grey; a large patch of white on the wing, including some of the smaller coverts, the tips of the first row, and their secondary coverts; primaries and outer secondaries narrowly, inner secondaries broadly margined with white; tail-feathers narrowly edged with white, and having a narrow speck of the same at the end of the inner web. Female smaller, with the upper parts greyish-brown, streaked with dusky brown; the lower white, with oblong spots of brownish-black, the abdomen nearly pure white, their sides tinged with reddish-brown; quills dark brown, edged and tipped with reddish-white; the patch on the wing of the same tint; tail-feathers dark brown, the outer externally edged, and all tipped with white on the inner web.

Male, 7, wing 35/12.

Plains of the Platte River. Plentiful. Migratory.

Fringilla bicolor, Prairie Finch, Towns. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 189.

Prairie Finch, Fringilla bicolor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 19.

GENUS XV. PITYLUS, Cuvier. CARDINAL GROSBEAK

Bill rather short, very robust, much higher than broad, tapering to a point; upper mandible considerably smaller than the lower, with the dorsal line convex, the ridge indistinct, the nasal sinus very wide, the sides convex, the edges ascending rapidly for a third of their length, then direct, with a slight festoon, slightly inflected, the notches faint, the tip a little deflected and narrow; lower mandible with the angle semicircular, the dorsal line straight, the sides at the base inflected, toward the end convex, the edges involute, the tip acute. Nostrils basal, round, concealed by the feathers. Plumage soft and blended, feathers of the head elongated and erectile; distinct bristles at the base of the upper mandible. Wings of moderate length, much rounded, the fourth and fifth quills longest, the first and eighth about equal. Tail long, rounded. Tarsus short, compressed, with seven scutella; toes moderate, hind toe stout, broad beneath, outer toe slightly longer than inner, and adherent at the base. Claws moderate, arched, compressed, acute. Upper mandible concave beneath, with three longitudinal ridges; tongue as high as broad, convex above, tapering to a point. Œsophagus nearly uniform, stomach pretty large, roundish, its lateral muscles strong.

203. 1. Pitylus Cardinalis, Linn. Common Cardinal Grosbeak. – Cardinal Bird. Red Bird. Virginian Nightingale

Plate CLIX. Male and Female.

Male with the bill coral-red; plumage vermilion, duller on the upper parts; anterior part of forehead, lores, and throat black, inner webs of quills brown. Female with the bill paler, the upper parts yellowish-grey, the lower greyish-yellow, capistrum dusky; some of the crest-feathers, the wings and tail, as in the male, but of a fainter tint.

Male, 81/2, 111/2.

Breeds abundantly from Texas to New York. Very rare in Massachusetts. Valleys of the Mississippi and Missouri, Kentucky and Ohio. Resident from Maryland southward.

Cardinal Grosbeak, Loxia cardinalis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 38.

Fringilla cardinalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 113.

Cardinal Grosbeak or Red Bird, Fringilla cardinalis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 519.

Cardinal Grosbeak, Fringilla cardinalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 336; v. v. p. 514.

GENUS XVI. COCCOBORUS, Swains. SONG-GROSBEAK

Bill rather short, extremely robust, almost as broad as the head and somewhat compressed, tapering to a point; upper mandible considerably smaller than the lower, with the dorsal line convex, the ridge indistinct, the nasal sinus very wide, the sides convex, the edges ascending for a third of their length, then direct, with a slight festoon, and inflected, the notches faint, the tip a little deflected, and narrow; lower mandible with the angle short and semicircular, the dorsal line straight, the sides at the base inflected, toward the end convex, the edges involute, the tip acute. Nostrils basal, round. Plumage somewhat compact, blended; distinct bristles at the base of the upper mandible. Wings of moderate length, pointed, the outer three quills nearly equal, the second longest. Tail of moderate length, slightly emarginate. Tarsus short, compressed, with seven scutella; toes moderate, hind toe stout, broad beneath, outer toe slightly longer than inner, and adherent at the base. Claws moderate, arched, compressed, acute. Upper mandible concave beneath, with three longitudinal ridges; tongue as high as broad, convex above, tapering to a point; œsophagus rather wide, dilated about the middle; stomach rather small, roundish, compressed, with its muscles distinct and of moderate thickness, the epithelium longitudinally rugous; intestine short, and of moderate width; cœca very small.

204. 1. Coccoborus cœruleus, Linn. Blue Song-Grosbeak

Plate CXXII. Male, Female, and Young.

Male blue; with the lores, chin, and a line round the base of the mandibles black; wings and tail brownish-black, the latter and the primaries edged with blue, the first row of small coverts and the secondary coverts tipped with reddish-brown. Female with the head and hind part of the back blue; the fore part of the back brown, the wings and tail as in the male, the lower parts light greyish-brown, the sides, and fore part of the neck and the breast tinged with blue. Young yellowish-brown, lighter beneath; the upper part of the head, the back, smaller wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts tinged with dusky.

Male, 71/2, 11.

From Texas to New Jersey, and up the Mississippi to Memphis. Rocky Mountains. Rather rare. Migratory.

Blue Grosbeak, Loxia cœrulea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 78.

Fringilla cœrulea, Bonap. Syn. p. 114.

Blue Grosbeak, Fringilla cœrulea, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 529.

Blue Grosbeak, Fringilla cœrulea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 140; v. v. p. 508.

205. 2. Coccoborus Ludovicianus, Linn. Rose-breasted Song-Grosbeak

Plate CXXVII. Male, Female, and Young.

Male with the head, neck, fore part of back, wings, and tail, black; lower part of the fore neck, a portion of the breast, axillars, and lower wing-coverts, rich carmine; hind part of the back, two bands on the wings, bases of primary quills, tips of secondaries, and terminal half of inner webs of outer three tail-feathers, white. Female with the upper parts light yellowish-brown, streaked with darker, the lower yellowish-white, the sides of the neck, fore part of breast, and sides streaked with yellowish-brown; three white bands on the head; white wing-bands narrower than in the male; axillars and lower wing-coverts light buff. Young like the female.

Male, 73/4, 13.

Passes from Texas northward and eastward in great numbers. Breeds on the Missouri, in the Middle States, Newfoundland, and Labrador. Rather common. Migratory.

Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Loxia rosea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 135.

Fringilla ludoviciana, Bonap. Syn. p. 113.

Coccothraustes ludoviciana, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, F. Bor. Amer. v. i. p. 271.

Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Fringilla ludoviciana, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 527.

Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Fringilla ludoviciana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 166; v. ii. p. 513.

206. 3. Coccoborus melanocephalus, Swains. Black-headed Song-Grosbeak

Plate CCCLXXIII. Male and Female.

Male with the head, cheeks, a small portion of the throat, wings, and tail, black; a band on the hind neck, the fore part and sides of the neck, a portion of the breast, and the sides, dull reddish-orange; the middle of the breast, axillars, and lower wing-coverts, light yellow; back black, streaked with yellowish-red; rump of the latter colour; two bands on the wings, the base and outer margins of the primaries, the tips of the secondaries, and a terminal patch on the inner webs of the outer three tail-feathers, white. Female with the upper parts light yellowish-brown, streaked with darker, the lower light yellowish-brown; the axillars and lower wing-coverts light yellow; white wing-bands narrower than in the male.

Male, 81/2, wing 41/4.

Central Table-land of Rocky Mountains. Common. Migratory.

Black-headed Grosbeak, Fringilla melanocephala, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 519.

GENUS XVII. COCCOTHRAUSTES, Briss. GROSBEAK

Bill of moderate length, extremely robust, almost as broad as the head, not compressed, conical, pointed; upper mandible rather broader than the lower, with the dorsal line slightly convex, the ridge indistinct, the nasal sinus extremely wide and short, the sides rounded, the edges simply arched and a little inflected, the notches almost obsolete, the tip a little deflected; lower mandible with the angle extremely short and wide, forming the fourth of a circle, the dorsal line straight, the sides at the base and in their whole length convex, the edges involute, the tip acute; nostrils basal, round. Plumage blended. Wings of moderate length, pointed, the outer three quills nearly equal, the second longest. Tail of moderate length, emarginate. Tarsus short, compressed, with seven scutella; toes moderate, hind toe stout, broad beneath; outer toe a little longer than the inner, and adherent at the base. Claws moderate, or rather stout, arched, compressed, acute. Upper mandible concave beneath, with three prominent lines.

207. 1. Coccothraustes vespertina, Cooper. Evening Grosbeak

Plate CCCLXXIII. Fig. 1. Male.

Plate CCCCXXIV. Fig 5. Female. Fig. 6. Young Male.

Male with the upper part of the head and hind neck black, bounded anteriorly by a broadish band of bright yellow passing over the eyes; a narrow line of black margining the base of the bill; cheeks, lower part of hind neck, and throat, dark yellowish-olive, this colour gradually brightening on the body, until, on the outer edges of the scapulars, the rump, the axillars, lower wing-coverts, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts, it becomes pure yellow; smaller wing-coverts, alula, primary coverts, primaries, outer three secondaries, outer web of the next, and the bases of the inner secondaries black, as is the tail; six inner secondaries, and their coverts, the basal part excepted, black. Female with the upper parts brownish-grey, the head and cheeks darker, the lower parts pale grey, the throat white, with two longitudinal black bands; a band of greenish-yellow across the fore part of the back, axillars and lower wing-coverts light yellow; wings and tail, with their coverts, brownish-black, secondary coverts, and quills edged with yellowish-white, bases of some of the primaries, tips of the tail-coverts, and inner webs of all the tail-feathers at the end, white. Young male similar to the female, but without the black bands on the throat.

Male, 8, wing 43/4. Female, 71/2, wing 41/4.

Michigan. Columbia River. Saskatchewan. Common. Migratory.

Fringilla vespertina, Cooper, Ann. Lyc. New York, v. i. p. 220.

Evening Grosbeak, Fringilla vespertina, Bonap. Syn. p. 113.

Evening Grosbeak, Fringilla vespertina, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. ii. pl. 14.

Coccothraustes vespertina, Evening Grosbeak, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 269.

Evening Grosbeak, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 594.

Coccothraustes Bonapartii, Lesson, Young Male.

Evening Grosbeak, Fringilla vespertina, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 515; v. v. p. 235.

GENUS XVIII. PYRANGA, Vieill. RED-BIRD

Bill of moderate length, robust, tapering, compressed toward the end, acute; upper mandible with its dorsal line declinate and considerably convex, the ridge rather narrow, nasal sinus very short and wide, the sides convex, the edges sharp, slightly arched, with a festoon about the middle, the notches distinct, the tip very slender, declinate; lower mandible strong, with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the edges direct, the tip acute. Nostrils basal, round. Head ovate; neck short; body compact. Tarsus short, with seven scutella; toes rather small, the first moderate, the outer slightly longer than the inner, and adherent at the base. Claws moderate, well arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, acute, those of the first and third toes equal. Plumage soft and blended; distinct bristles at the base of upper mandible. Wings rather long, with the second and third quills longest, the first a little shorter. Tail of moderate length, emarginate. Upper mandible concave, with three longitudinal ridges; tongue somewhat triangular, convex above, with the point thin-edged and lacerated; œsophagus dilated about the middle; stomach broadly elliptical, small, its lateral muscles rather small; epithelium thin, longitudinally rugous; intestine short; cœca extremely small. Inferior laryngeal muscles four on each side, but very small.

208. 1. Pyranga æstiva, Gmel. Summer Red-bird

Plate XLIV. Male and Female.

Male vermilion, brighter beneath; inner webs of quills brown. Female greenish-yellow above. Young like the female; young males variegated according to age; old females sometimes like the males, but duller.

Male, 71/2, 11.

From Texas to Massachusetts. In the interior to Canada. Abundant. Migratory.

Summer Red Bird, Tanagra æstiva, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 95.

Tanagra æstiva, Bonap. Syn. p. 105.

Summer Red Bird, Tanagra æstiva, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 469.

Summer Red Bird, Tanagra æstiva, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 232; v. v. p. 518.

209. 2. Pyranga rubra, Linn. Scarlet Red-bird. – Scarlet Tanager

Plate CCCLIV. Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female.

Male scarlet, with the wings and tail black. Female yellowish-green above, greenish-yellow beneath, wings and tail dusky, the feathers margined with yellowish-green. Males have been met with, having a scarlet band on the wing, formed by the first row of small coverts. Young like the female.

Male, 7, 113/4. Female, 61/2, 103/4.

From Texas to Lake Huron. Throughout the Valley of the Mississippi, Kentucky, and Ohio. Common. Migratory.

Scarlet Tanager, Tanagra rubra, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 42.

Tanagra rubra, Bonap. Syn. p. 105.

Scarlet Tanager or Black-winged Summer Red Bird, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 273.

Scarlet Tanager, Tanagra rubra, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 465.

Scarlet Tanager, Tanagra rubra, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 388.

210. 3. Pyranga Ludoviciana, Wils. Louisiana Red-bird. – Louisiana Tanager

Plate CCCLIV. Fig. 1, 2. Male. Plate CCCC. Fig. 4. Female.

Male with the head and throat rich carmine; lower parts, neck, rump, and a broad band on the wing, rich yellow; middle of the back, wings, and tail black; secondary coverts and inner secondaries tipped with yellowish-white. Female with the upper parts yellowish-green, the fore part of the back greyish-olive; lower parts greenish-yellow; two bands on the wings, the anterior pale yellow, the other whitish.

Male, 71/4, wing, 39½/12.

Platte River. Columbia River. Common. Migratory.

Louisiana Tanager, Tanagra ludoviciana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 27.

Tanagra ludoviciana, Bonap. Syn. p. 105.

Louisiana Tanager, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 471.

Louisiana Tanager, Tanagra ludoviciana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 385; v. v. p. 90.

FAMILY XVI. AGELAINÆ. MARSH-BLACKBIRDS

Bill of moderate length, sometimes short, seldom longer than the head, stout, straight, conical, compressed, tapering, pointed; upper mandible with the dorsal line nearly straight, the nasal sinus short and very wide, the ridge thus appearing to encroach on the forehead, the sides rounded, the edges without notch; lower mandible with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line straight, the edges involute. Nostrils basal, roundish or oblong. Head rather large, ovate; neck short; body moderately full. Legs of moderate length, stout, rather slender; tarsus compressed, with eight anterior scutella; hind toe large, lateral toes equal, the outer adherent at the base. Claws generally long, arched, compressed, acute. Plumage soft, blended, in the males usually glossy. Wings of moderate length, with the outer three or four quills longest, the first being very little shorter than the second, or sometimes even exceeding it; tail of twelve feathers, of moderate length, or elongated. The roof of the upper mandible concave, with three longitudinal ridges, of which the middle is larger, and at the base forms a hard prominence; tongue sagittate and papillate at the base, narrow, deep, pointed. Œsophagus wide, dilated about the middle; proventriculus oblong; stomach roundish or elliptical, with the lateral muscles distinct and well developed; the epithelium dense and longitudinally rugous; intestine short and rather wide; cœca very small, cylindrical; cloaca oblong. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles. Female much smaller. Nest various, on trees or bushes, or on the ground, generally elaborate. Eggs about five, ovate, spotted and streaked.