Kitabı oku: «Remembering D-day: Personal Histories of Everyday Heroes»

Map

Nations represented in the stained glass window in Portsmouth Cathedral.

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Map

Home Front – Second Front

Screaming Eagles and the All Americans

Winged Pegasus

Bloody Omaha

Utah

Sword

Gold

Juno

A Foothold on the Continent of Europe

Glossary

Acknowledgements and Contributors

About the Author

Copyright

About the Publisher

A watercolour of the end of Mulberry ‘A’.

American troops embarking on LCAs at a south coast port.

National Archives

1 Home Front – Second Front

‘Unless we can land overwhelming forces and beat the Nazis in battle in France, Hitler will never be defeated. So this must be your prime task.’

Winston Churchill’s orders to Lord Mountbatten in 1942.

In spring 1943 at the Anglo-American TRIDENT conference the British Chiefs of Staff committed themselves to Overlord and the Combined Chiefs issued their Directive to General F. E. Morgan, who had been appointed Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander (Designate) ‘COSSAC’ at the Casablanca Conference:

‘To mount and carry out an operation, with forces and equipment established in the United Kingdom and with target date 1 May 1944, to secure a lodgement on the Continent from which further offensive operations could be developed. The lodgement area must contain sufficient port facilities to maintain a force of some 26 to 30 divisions and enable that force to be augmented by follow-up shipments from the United States or elsewhere of additional divisions and supporting units at the rate of three to five divisions per month.’

The target date of 1 May 1944 for invasion was later postponed a month to enable extra landing craft to be built and the initial assault was expanded from three to five Army divisions. Overlord proceeded in London under the direction of General Morgan and Brigadier-General R. W. Barker, who set up an Anglo-American HQ for the eventual Supreme Commander and prepared an outline plan for the invasion of North-West Europe from Britain. But where would the attack take place?

General Eisenhower and senior officers during a visit to the 2nd TAF station at Dunsfold.

John Bateman

‘The Pas-de-Calais has many obvious advantages such as that good air support and quick turn-around for our shipping can be achieved. On the other hand, it is a focal point of the enemy fighters disposed for defence and the maximum air activity can be brought to bear over this area with the minimum movement of his Air Forces. Moreover, the Pas-de-Calais is the most strongly defended area of the whole French coast . . . Further this area does not offer good opportunities for expansion . . . the Caen sector is weakly held; the defences are relatively light and the beaches are of high capacity and sheltered from the prevailing winds. Inland the terrain is suitable for airfield development and for the consolidation of the initial bridgehead; and much of it is unfavourable for counter-attacks by panzer divisions. Maximum enemy air opposition can only be brought to bear at the expense of the air defence screen covering the approaches to Germany and the limited number of enemy airfields within range of the Caen area facilitates the local neutralization of the German fighter force . . . In the light of these factors it is considered that our initial landing on the Continent should be effected in the Caen area with a view to the eventual seizure of the lodgement area comprising the Cherbourg/Brittany group of ports.

Seine Bay, the area of Normandy chosen for the assault, is some 50 miles across and stretches from Barfleur eastwards to the mouth of the Seine. Because it was ultimately intended that American forces should be supplied directly from the United States, their troops were assigned to the western sector, while the British and Canadian beaches were in the eastern sector. The invasion would necessitate 24 different embarkation points spread over 1,000 miles of British coastline, made necessary by the total loading capacity in 24 hours, since the assault and follow-up had to load simultaneously. The British would load from Yarmouth to Portsmouth and the Americans from Southampton to Milford Haven. Each of the 24 points required its own embarkation camp, marshalling and concentration area and special road layout – many of which had to be either built or greatly improved.

Countdown

26 January 1942

PFC Milburn Henke, of Hutchison, Minnesota is the first of two million American soldiers to arrive in Britain during the buildup to D-Day.

March 1942

BBC broadcasts a Royal Navy plea for holiday snaps of French coast to help map coastal areas. 30,000 letters arrive the following day.

19 August 1942

In a disastrous rehearsal for D-Day of 6,100 men involved in the landings at Dieppe, France, only 2,500 return. One German company repels three battalions of mainly Canadian troops, taking 2,000 prisoners and killing 1,000. Enemy losses are less than 600. The raid proves the need for overwhelming force and heavy bombardment and that a floating harbour would need to be taken.

‘Phoenix Rising’.

U.S Navy Combat Art Collection

Brigadier Tom Collins

Director of Movements for Continental Operations October 1943–June 1944.

‘Broadly, the requirements for the coastline and hinterland where the huge embarkation operation was to take place, were: no tide, so that loading at the hards or ramps could take place 24 hours out of 24 and hinterland which was hard and flat, with good road access or surface with no need for road building or improvement, with loading points where one wanted them and not dictated by inland access. The hinterland also needed to be suitable for construction of embarkation camps, with marshalling camps behind them where men and vehicles were to get into their craft loads and – further back – concentration areas to which units were to proceed from their home stations. Good road access from one to another was imperative. Added to that, good depth of water at loading points was essential, so that craft could load without danger.

‘North Africa for the Sicily landings was perfect: no tide, no road problems on the hard sand, and camps and areas could be established precisely where required. England, on the other hand, could not have been worse. The change of tide around our shores is so great (24 feet each 24 hours), our coastline is intricate and deep water rarely lies close in. Also, the coastal roads and lanes are so winding and the country inland from the coast so enclosed for creating camps or areas, which could feed from one to the other . . . The operation, which could have been mounted on 15–20 miles of the African coast, was spread from Yarmouth to Milford Haven . . . spreading well over 1,000 miles with its estuaries and inlets. Even with the large number of embarkation points the loading of vehicles for the assault and follow-up had to begin six days before D-Day . . . D-Day was not only the greatest combined operation ever undertaken: it was the greatest that ever will be.’

US Supply Officer, May 1944

‘We’ve got a fairly big job on. Something comparable to the city of Birmingham hasn’t merely got to be shifted; it’s got to be kept moving when it’s on the other side . . .’

Trucks, jeeps, transports and staff cars caused a vast traffic snarl-up in the days before D-Day. In Andover, Hampshire, office workers were given 15 minutes extra at lunchtime to cross the street.

Pilot Officer
R. H. ‘Chad’ Chadwick

RAF Lancaster navigator.

‘The crew was fairly typical of those in Bomber Command. Although we were in a Royal Australian Air Force squadron, the pilot was the only Australian in the crew. I was the only officer. Mick was a flight sergeant and the remainder were all sergeants. This made no difference. We seven were firm friends with tremendous mutual trust and respect and rank or position had no part in our approach to the job. This was highly desirable, of course, in the making of an efficient bomber crew. As an officer, I felt lucky to have one or two privileges that the others did not get and to make up for this I tried to do a few extra chores around the aircraft, before or after a trip.

‘We all felt ourselves lucky to be on this particular squadron as we found that Australians were a wonderful race with whom to go to war. They had little time for anyone who pulled rank or position, and basic discipline was good, but it was a discipline coming from natural leaders with a team keen to get on with the job. As RAF chaps found, an Aussie could call a man “a Pommy bastard” and make it sound an absolute term of endearment! On the other hand, any officer who started to put on airs and graces – very few did – merited the derogatory description “He’s gone Pommy”.’

Mike Henry DFC

Boston air gunner, 107 Squadron.

‘When we lived under canvas at Hartford Bridge Stan Adams [the navigator] and I shared a tent. The tent site, with a large marquee for our messing, was a long walk across many muddy fields from the main camp. It was good fun in a novel kind of way but it had its drawbacks. For one thing I ruined one of my best suitcases which had soaked up the moisture through the coconut matting on the grass floor of our tent. However, it wasn’t for long and there was a good reason for preparing us in the event of a dire lack of accommodation when we moved across the Channel. As it happened we never saw a tent when moving to France.

Australian and RAF crews of 192 Squadron, 100 Group in front of Halifax BIII Matthews & Co. Express Delivery Service at Foulsham, Norfolk. Flt Lt Matthews RAAF, 4th from left. W/C David Donaldson CO, is to his left. S/L John Crotch, is 3rd from right. On D-Day, when 100 Group aircraft jammed enemy radars and made spoof attacks on the French coast, 192 Squadron maintained a constant patrol between Cap Griz-Nez and the Cherbourg area to see if the enemy was using the centimetric band for radar, all the known enemy radars being effectively jammed.

John Crotch

‘Apart from the three Boston squadrons at Hartford Bridge, we had two Dutch squadrons using the airfield for a short time – 322 with Spitfires and 320 with Mitchells. Their crews were dressed in the uniform of the Royal Netherlands Navy. When we found out how much they were paid, we gasped. Apart from their set pay scale, which was higher than ours, they received extra money for every flying hour. We didn’t see a lot of the Dutch chaps for they messed elsewhere, but we often saw in our mess Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Bernhard.’

‘Phoenix Afloat’.

U.S Navy Combat Art Collection

Countdown

June 1943

Americans are now living in 100,000 buildings in 1,100 locations in Britain. In December, 30,000 further acres of South Devon are taken over and 3,000 residents evicted from 750 properties. Landings are rehearsed in Devon’s Bideford Bay, chosen for its similarity to the Normandy coast.

August 1943

During Churchill’s voyage aboard the Queen Mary en route to Quebec for the summit with Roosevelt, professor John Desmond Bernal, a scientific adviser, uses a loofah as a wave machine and 20 paper boats as the D-Day fleet. With the PM and aides looking on he proves success would depend on vast floating harbours, Mulberrys – represented by a Mae West life preserver.

November 1943

Thirty directives for Overlord issued.

6 December 1943

General Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed to command landings in France.

1 January 1944

General Montgomery relinquishes command of 8th Army in Italy and flies to England to set up his invasion HQ at his old school, St Paul’s, Hammersmith. Montgomery will remain in command of ground forces until September 1944 when General Eisenhower will assume direct control. For the purposes of Overlord, RAF Bomber Command and the 8th US Air Force are placed under the operational direction of the Supreme Commander to add to the aircraft of the Allied Tactical Air Forces.

2nd TAF’s 11 squadrons of Bostons, Venturas and Mitchells in 2 Group moved to Hampshire to be nearer the enemy coast and newer types of aircraft like the de Havilland Mosquito FBVI fighter-bomber and Mustang fighter arrived. Mosquitoes of 140 Wing (21, 487 RNZAF and 464 RAAF Squadrons) specialized in pinpoint bombing of key targets in France in the run up to D-Day. During March–April to simulate the type of tactical targets against which 2 Group would be employed, Boston, Mitchell and Mosquito crews took part in two-week training exercises in full field conditions.

Major General Francis de Guingand

Chief of staff, 21st Army Group, shortly before D–Day, in a conversation with General Montgomery.

‘I’d feel a lot happier if the Australian 9th Division was going ashore with us.’

The Australian government had withdrawn the last of its divisions, the 9th, from the Mediterranean early in 1943 in order to reinforce their armies in the Pacific.

Jan Caesar, 15

an English schoolgirl.

‘We lived in a rented house in Derby Road, Southampton, a very neighbourly area. I was one of five sisters who had moved back to Southampton from Bournemouth with our mother after being evacuated in 1939. US convoys were parked all along the streets, waiting for the “off”. One was composed of black men – they didn’t mix races. My 14-year-old sister and I were besotted with one of them. He was charming. But after a couple of days they moved on. They were replaced by a convoy of white soldiers who included Julius Kupke, a German who had become a naturalized American and hated what the Germans were doing. He was short and squat – no oil painting, but my, could he sing. Whenever I hear “Rose Marie” my mind goes back to D-Day.

‘My mother took pity on the men who were desperately tired and had been forced to sleep in their lorries. She invited several into our home where they crashed out on beds and chairs. My mother didn’t have much to offer because of rationing but she made gallons of tea and cut up piles of bread for cucumber sandwiches, which they thought so English. In return, they gave us their rations. They made our eyes pop out – tins of meat, fruit, sweets and chocolate.

‘When the convoy moved off we said fare-well with promises to write. My mother was upset, knowing where they were heading. Julius returned early the following morning to say thank you again with another parcel of goodies. They had been held up at the docks, waiting for a boat. My mother kept her promise and wrote to him and his fiancée in America for quite a while but we lost touch when we moved around after my father was de-mobbed.’

Bill Goodwin

Bricklayer on the maintenance staff sealed into the US Camps D2 and D4 in Dorset two weeks before D – Day.

‘I queued with the Americans for breakfasts, which included a pint of tomato or fruit juice, a large plate of sweet pancakes with eggs and bacon and a pint of coffee with sugar and carnation milk. We also had the US’ Women’s Voluntary Service calling at the camp. They’d walk around with trays loaded with free cigarettes, glucose tablets, chewing gum, and ring doughnuts, chewing and pipe tobacco. In the Big Tent there were also live shows with US artistes.’

Private Ken McFarlane

Anti-Tank Platoon, 1st Battalion Dorset Regiment, 50th Northumbrian Division.

‘After a few weeks on Bren Gun Carrier driving at Bowness on Windermere, mechanics at Fords of Dagenham and range firing at Harlech in Wales, I finally arrived at a wooded camp just outside Fawley, Southampton, posted to 1st Battalion Dorsetshire Regiment. Time was spent studying maps and a sand tray model of our next exercise, Overlord. We were issued with waterproofing kit (side extensions, gunge for dill and brakes, breathers, etc.). During the week American MPs were posted outside the camp to prevent us from leaving but vehicles and drivers were sent on to the road outside to line up on painted white squares. We outsiders had heard that the lads inside had been paid 200 francs apiece, so thought the next manoeuvre must be the real thing.’

US LSTs 499, 284 and 380 of ‘Force U’ at Brixham, Devon being loaded for the voyage to Utah Beach.

National Archives

Frank Scott

Because it was thought the retreating Germans would destroy large quantities of French currency, French francs were printed in America. Of these, 2,899,500,000 francs were allotted to the 21st Army Group. On 21 June the Base Cashier landed in France with five and a half tins of notes which were held in the specially reinforced cellars of the Chateau de Courseulles. The sterling equivalent of £21.7 million was sent to France.

Countdown

17 January 1944

Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force established in London.

21 January 1944

Generals Eisenhower and Montgomery agree changes to General Morgan’s COSSAC plans which set the invasion date as 31 May, extending the landing area west across the Cotentin Peninsula towards Cherbourg and increase the initial seaborne force from 3 Divisions to 5 Divisions.

1 February 1944

Revised Overlord plan, Neptune, the sea transportation and landing phase of Overlord issued.

5 March 1944

Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) moves from Grosvenor Gardens to former US 8th Air Force HQ at Bushey Park, near Hampton Court, code name Widewing. Eisenhower lives nearby in Telegraph Cottage, Warren Road, Kingston upon Thames.

Lance Bombardier Frank Scott, 24

165 HAA Regimental HQ Royal Artillery.

‘Inevitably all good things come to an end and we received our “Marching Orders” to proceed in convoy to the London Docks. The weather was worsening, putting all the best-laid plans “on hold”. Although restrictions as regards personnel movements were pretty tight some local leave was allowed. It would have been possible for me to see my folks just once more before heading into the unknown but having said my farewells earlier felt I just couldn’t go through that again.

‘With the enormous numbers of vehicles and military equipment arriving in the marshalling area and a continuous downpour of rain it wasn’t long before we were living in a sea of mud and getting a foretaste of things to come. To idle away the hours whilst awaiting to hear the shout “WE GO”, time was spent playing cards (for the last remaining bits of English currency), much idle gossip and I would suspect thinking about those we were leaving behind. God knows when, or if, we would be seeing them again. By now this island we were about to leave, with its incessant Luftwaffe bombing raids and the arrival of the “Flying Bomb”, had by now become a front line and it was good to be thinking that we were now going to do something about it!

‘All preparations were made for the off. Pay Parade and an issue of 200 French francs (invasion style), and then to “Fall In” again for an issue of the 24-hour ration pack (army style), bags for vomit and a Mae West (American style). Time to write a quick farewell letter home before boarding a troopship. Very soon it was anchors away. I must have dozed off for I awoke to find we were hugging the English coast and were about to change course off the Isle of Wight where we joined the great armada of ships of all shapes and sizes. It wasn’t too long before the coastline of the French coast became visible, although I did keep looking over my shoulder for the last glimpse of my homeland. The whole seascape by now was filled with an endless procession of vessels carrying their cargoes of fighting men, the artillery, tanks, plus all the other essentials to feed the hungry war machine.

‘That first night at sea was spent laying just off the coast at Arromanches (Gold Beach) where some enemy air activity was experienced and a ship moored alongside unfortunately got an HE bomb in its hold. Orders came through to disembark and unloading continued until darkness fell. An exercise that had no doubt been overlooked and therefore not covered during previous years of intensive training was actually climbing down the side of a high-sided troopship in order to get aboard, in my case, an American LCT. This accomplished safely, with every possible chance of falling between both vessels tossing in a heaving sea, there followed a warm “Welcome Aboard” from a young cheerful fresh-faced, gum-chewing, cigar-smoking Yank. I believe I sensed the smell of coffee and do’nuts!’

Three Batteries, each of two Troops of four 3.7-inch guns; some 24 guns in all, were tasked for ‘Ack-Ack’ protection of airfields once a foothold had been successfully gained and a position firmly held in Normandy. As it turned out, the Regiment not only fought in an AA role but 275 Battery came under command of Guards Armoured Division for ground shooting; 198 Battery deployed in the AA role defensive Conc. Area, and 317 Battery deployed in the Anti-tank role.

2nd Ranger Battalion marching along the sea front at Weymouth.

U.S Army

WREN Doris Hayball, 23

‘We knew D-Day was coming because we were inundated with young midshipmen. Shoreham harbour became so full of ships you could walk across it on the landing craft. For at least a month before 6 June I couldn’t get home from Hove to Worthing without a pass. On the night of D-Day I was on fire duty but when I came off at midnight I was told not to bother to go to quarters. They wanted me to help cook breakfasts at 2 a.m. So we knew this was it. We had a hotplate ten feet long. It was a very sustaining breakfast but I learned later many of the sailors who left from Shoreham were awfully seasick.’

Allied Nations Represented On D – Day

Australia

Virtually all 11,000 Australian aircrew participate in Overlord. Most of the 1,100 officers and men of the Royal Australian Naval Volunteer Reserve (RANVR) serve aboard British cruisers HMS Ajax, Enterprise, Glasgow and Scylla, or as commanders of several flotillas of landing craft and MTBs. On Ajax, a RANVR officer commands the 6-inch gun bombardment of the German Naval Battery at Longues-sur-Mer on cliffs 200ft above Gold Beach. Australians also serve aboard destroyers HMS Ashanti, Eskimo and Mackay.

Czechoslovakia

310, 312 and 313 Squadrons (Spitfire IXs), 134 Wing, 84 Group, 2nd TAF, and 311 Squadron (Liberator Vs), 19 Group, RAF Coastal Command.

Belgium

Two corvettes, three merchant ships and three Congo boats. 350 Squadron participate in aerial defence of Gold and Sword Beaches. 349 Squadron provide covering fire for US 82nd Airborne Division.

Canada

About 15,000 troops of the 3rd Infantry Division. RCAF commit 39 strategic and tactical squadrons, who fly 230 sorties of the 1,200 mounted by Bomber Command. Nearly 10,000 officers and men aboard 126 Canadian fighting ships, 44 landing craft among them.

Denmark

800 Danes mostly serve aboard ships.

France

329, 340 and 341 Squadrons, 145 Wing (Spitfire IXs) and 88 and 342 Squadrons, 2 Group, (Boston IIIAs) in 2nd TAF, Allied Expeditionary Air Force, and 345 Squadron (Spitfires) in No.11 Group, ADGB. Light cruisers Montcalm and Georges Leygues, Western Task Force off Port-en-Bessin, and the destroyer La Combattante, Eastern Task Force off the coast of Courseulles-sur-Mer, take part in the naval bombardment. Five frigates, four corvettes, and four submarine chasers perform escort duty. The elderly battleship Courbet is towed across the Channel and sunk off Ouistreham to act as a breakwater for the Mulberry harbour at Arromanches.

Great Britain

Second Army composed of two corps (including three British divisions with auxiliary units and services – some 62,000 men). Provides about 80 per cent of the warships. RAF flies 5,656 sorties.

Greece

Two Royal Hellenic Navy corvettes escort convoys to Juno, Gold and Sword. A number of Greek soldiers, sailors, and airmen serve in Allied Forces.

Norway

Ten warships of the Royal Norwegian Navy in exile and 43 ships of the Norwegian Merchant Navy (two of the cargo ships are scuttled to create a breakwater for landing craft) and three fighter squadrons – 66, 331 and 332, 132 Wing, 2nd TAF, flying Spitfire IXs.

Netherlands

Cruiser, HMNS Sumatra and two sloops, Flores and Soemba, (The latter two fire in support of the landings on Utah and Gold. On D+3 Sumatra, its armour dismantled, is intentionally scuttled near the shore to form part of the breakwater for Mulberry harbour. Nos. 98, 180 and 320 Squadrons, 139 Wing (Mitchell lls), 2 Group, and 322 Squadron (Spitfire XIVs), 141 Wing, all from 2nd TAF.

New Zealand

By June 1944 more than one-third of New Zealand’s overseas manpower, about 35,000 men, are serving in Britain. Of these, about 30,000 are in the RAF or in the six RNZAF Squadrons and they take part in every phase of the operation. 4,000 officers and men of the Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve are in the Royal Navy. Junior officers of the RNZNVR command scores of landing craft and flotillas of New Zealand-manned MTBs.

Poland

302, 308 and 317 Squadrons, 131 Wing, 84 Group (Spitfire IXs) and 306 and 315 Squadrons, (Mustang Ills) 133 Wing, (all from 2nd TAF) and Lancasters of 300 (Polish) Squadron, 1 Group, RAF Bomber Command. Destroyers Krakowiak and Slazak take part in the Eastern Task Force’s naval bombardment of the coast. Four other Polish warships and eight merchant ships play various roles.

United States

First Army composed of two corps (five divisions with auxiliary units and services – about 73,000 troops). Navy provides 16.5 per cent of the Allied warships and hundreds of landing vessels. 8th and 9th Air Forces (6,080 tactical and strategic aircraft) in Allied Expeditionary Air Force.

Lieutenant Abe Dolim

a navigator in the 94th Bomb Group, recorded in his diary at Rougham:

‘There have been all sorts of rumours about an imminent invasion of the enemy coast.’

Vera Lynn

Forces Sweetheart, who in June 1944 was homeward bound and exhausted after a gruelling tour of Burma and the Middle East when her plane touched down in Jerba, Tunisia for a night stop over.

‘We had been told just before we landed that there was a whisper something was afoot. I was therefore hoping that there wasn’t anything going on that would stop me from getting back. We freshened ourselves up and then we went into this little tent where there was just a handful of officers. We said, “Right, let’s turn the radio on.” There was this little wireless in the corner. And that’s when the news came over that the boys had started and the operation had begun. We all gave a little toast in that tent. And we said we hoped that this was the beginning of the end.’

‘Neptune’ Factfile

May D-Day is set for 5 June, a time of favourable moon and tides, conditions which would still prevail on 6 and 7 June but not thereafter. Naval units are required to be in their designated assembly positions by 29 May, a directive which involves shipping movements at almost every southern British port from the Mersey to Harwich as well as at Belfast and a number of Scottish locations.

Majority of 300+ large cargo vessels are of the American-built Liberty type, many of them carrying vehicles (mechanized transport) and their attendant troops. Over 1,500 craft and barges are required as ferries between the anchorage position of the larger ships and the shore. After completing their initial task, the LSIs are to head back to the UK to reload.

23 May Because of their slow speed, being old or damaged ships, the section of the Corncob (blockship) fleet which had assembled in the estuary of the Forth set out to be scuttled or ‘planted’ off the French coast.

30 May First of a fleet of coasters, which have been waiting in the 20-mile stretch of the Thames, sail to take their places amongst over 500 ships in an anchorage, extending from Hurst Castle in the west to Bembridge in the east. 362 coasters are to help maintain a continuous flow of supplies to the beaches.

2–3 June From their anchorages in the Clyde or Belfast Lough, the battleships of the bombarding fleet sail.

5 June Landing craft with the longest crossings set out. HMS Scylla, flagship of the Eastern Task Force, leaves Portsmouth Harbour at 13:40 as the first assault forces pass through Spithead Gate. The US HQ ship Ancon leaves Plymouth so as to reach her assigned anchorage at Omaha. Troops joining their Utah-bound LSIs at Torbay anchorage are ferried to their ships in landing craft from Torquay. Troops embarking in Weymouth Bay, where over 80 ships are anchored, and Portland, are similarly transported from Weymouth Quay.

21:30 During the night the biggest invasion force the world has ever seen sails from British ports across the English Channel to France. The two Naval Task Forces total 672 warships for assault convoy escort, minesweeping, shore bombardment, local defence, etc., and 4,126 major and minor landing ships and craft for initial assault and ferry purposes: a total of 4,798. They carry the force of 39 army divisions – 20 American, 14 British, three Canadian and one Free French. To this ship total can be added (A) Home Command for follow-up escort and Channel patrols, plus reserves: 1 RN battleship; 118 destroyers and escorts (108 RN, 4 US, 1 French, 5 Allied); 364 other warships including coastal forces (340 RN, 8 French, 16 Allied). (B) Western Channel Approaches A/S Escort Groups and reserves: 3 RN escort carriers, 55 RN destroyers and escort vessels. (C) 864 Merchant ships (mainly British liners, tankers, tugs, etc) to supply and support the invasion and naval forces. Grand Total, 6,203 vessels. The armada converges on an area south of the lsle of White code-named Area Z but known unofficially as ‘Piccadilly Circus.’

6 June 05:00 First of the bombarding ships open fire. The heaviest bombardment takes place during the first 50 minutes after the sun rises at 05:58. Task is to silence, with saturating fire, not only the 13 main coastal artillery batteries but also the beach defence forces and then, after the assault has gone in, to engage other targets assisted by ground and air spotters. Destroyers assist the larger warships in these tasks.

09:00 German 84th Corps informed of seaborne landings.

09:30 Announcement of Overlord released to the press. British troops one mile inland on Gold. British capture Hermanville. Tactical surprise is total. Ship casualties are less than anticipated. (Naval action occurs early at the eastern extremity at 05:30 when three German torpedo boats on patrol, finding themselves unexpectedly confronted by an enemy fleet, fire and narrowly miss Warspite, Ramillies and the Sword HQ ship Largs but sink the Norwegian destroyer Svenner, 12 miles west of Le Havre, with the loss of one officer and 33 crew. A delayed-action mine sinks US destroyer Corry in the western sector while, just inside the northern limit of the eastern assault area, HMS Wrestler suffers a mine strike and has to be taken in tow.) Casualties to landing and small craft prove higher than allowed for, although 75 per cent of these are attributed to the weather. All told, 59,900 personnel, 8,900 vehicles and 1,900 tons of stores are landed. By D+50 631,000 personnel, 153,000 vehicles and 689,000 tons of stores, plus 68,000 tons of fuel and oil, are delivered to the bridgehead.

Plaque on the wall of Norfolk House, commemorating Eisenhower’s first London HQ.

Author title page

Norfolk House, Eisenhower’s first London HQ in St James Square.

Author title page

Civilian George Jackson II

‘Along with hundreds of other children I was at the Odeon Cinema at Bury Park, Luton. We were practising for a concert when a man walked on the stage and told us that the Allied Forces had landed in Normandy and it was the beginning of the end of Nazi Germany. We all cheered and clapped even when most of us did not know where Normandy was. I ran home to tell my mother. She said, “Well it looks like your brother did not die in vain.”’

Civilian Mrs J. Charlesworth

‘I was living with my parents in an old pub in Gosport. A lot of noise and commotion woke me early and I went down and opened the door. There were soldiers and army trucks, all making for the harbour. I put my six-month-old daughter in her pram and walked the short distance to the seafront. Little boats were bobbing waiting for the troops to climb aboard. One American boy said he was so afraid. I said to him, “You will be all right, I know it.”’

Nurse Helen Pavlovsky USN

The Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley.

‘It seemed to me that it took at least a week for all the ships to gather just outside our hospital in Southampton Water. The Royal Victoria Hospital at Netley was a very cold and damp monstrosity and certainly not conducive to treating patients. The Seabees [US Navy construction battalion personnel] remodelled the whole thing to make it usable. We could go outside and sit on the waterfront and watch. One day it seemed like the whole area was full of ships and the next morning there was not a single one. We were on duty 24 hours a day but we didn’t know what we were waiting for.’

Civilian P. MoElhlnney

‘I was 12 and old enough to understand what was going on. At breakfast the radio announcer gave out a carefully worded message to the nation saying our troops had made a landing on the beaches of Normandy, and were fighting for them inch by inch. I sensed that I was witnessing history being made. I lived in Portsmouth and the streets were filled with equipment. I will always remember a young soldier stopping me and putting his hand in his pockets. He pulled out all his money and cigarettes, pushed it all into my hands and said, “Here kid, take this. I won’t be coming back from where I’m going.” I still wonder if he ever did.’

WREN Jean Irvine

Serving on the planning staff of Admiral Ramsay.

‘Once I arrived at Southwick House in May, I was sealed inside the gates until after D-Day. I was working in a Nissen hut adjoining the house and my job was to file, type and organize secret documents. We were under terrible pressure. We worked 80 hours a week for more than four months. It was so exciting to know everything that was about to happen. On 5 June we played cricket, but on the night of the invasion itself I stayed up all night. On the morning of D-Day I fell asleep at my desk – there was such a relief of tension.’

Countdown

April 1944

All leave cancelled for troops destined for Overlord. Eighteen Allied air forces begin pre-invasion bombing of France. US 9th Air Force begins bombing targets in the Pas-de-Calais, railway marshalling yards and important bridges. ACM Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory remarks that the US 9th Air Force is by far the most effective force in knocking out these types of target. (From the beginning of May, the 9th dispatches more than a thousand aircraft each day, weather permitting, against targets in Normandy and the Pas-de-Calais).

10 April 1944

Naval Commander in Chief, Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay, responsible for Neptune, issues orders for the naval involvement on D-Day. The document stretches to 1,100 pages.

22–29 April 1944

Operation Tiger, realistic US rehearsal for Overlord at Slapton Sands between Plymouth and Dartmouth. On the night of 27/28 April two German E-boats in the English Channel find eight LSTs, sink two and damage others, and kill 441 soldiers and 197 sailors.

An Army Field Kitchen Unit is driven onto LST 506 of Force B that loaded at Falmouth and Plymouth and arrived in the Western Task Force area on 6/7 June.

National Archives

Major Tom Normanton, 27

intelligence staff, Southwick House.

‘There was a complete hush in the room – a cool, calm atmosphere and one of quiet confidence. Everything had been thought out but we all remembered the old adage that the finest of plans comes to an end when the shooting starts. The weather was blowing a gale. The wind was howling and the rain was lashing down but inside there was almost complete silence. There was only a handful of people in the map room itself. There were no raised voices and no raised tempers. And there was none of the normal backslapping or laughing. In our hearts we all knew this was it.’

Phantom Fleets

5 June 21:30 First aircraft take off from British airfields. (More than 10,000 aircraft are involved in the invasion.)

By midnight 1,333 heavy RAF bombers drop 5,316 tons of bombs on radar stations and the ten most important German gun batteries in the assault area. In the 24 hours between the night of 5 and 6 June. The RAF drops 15,000 and 20,000 tons of bombs.

5/6 June Operations Taxable and Glimmer, both devised by Wing Commader E. I. Dickie, create ‘Phantom Fleets’ on enemy radar screens. Taxable involves 16 Lancasters of 617 Squadron and is a joint RN/RAF operation aimed at making the Germans believe that an invasion force was attacking the French coast between Dieppe and Cap d’Antifer. Attacks on enemy radar installations had all but destroyed their effectiveness, but care had been taken to leave enough operational to allow the Germans to deceive themselves that their radars were showing an invasion fleet. The RN uses 18 small vessels as tugs to tow balloons, which would show up as large ships on the German radar screens. This ‘convoy’ occupies an area of sea that measures 14 miles by 15 miles and appears to move at seven knots towards the coast. It is known subsequently that the German High Command has plotted three invasion forces arriving on the French coast.

Six aircraft of 218 Squadron, and a few boats, mount Operation Glimmer, whose ‘convoy’ is aimed at the beaches of Boulogne. German searchlights are turned on and guns open fire on the convoy. Luftwaffe night fighters are directed towards the jammers and spend hours in the area, as do E-boats searching for a fleet that never sailed.

15 aircraft of 138, 149 and 161 Squadrons, giving the impression of a much larger force, drop dummy parachutists called ‘Ruperts’ between Rouen and Le Havre. At 04:00 the 915th Regiment, General Marcks’ LXXXIV Corps reserve, abandons Omaha and sets off to intercept them. It takes hours before the German reserve can be re-grouped and brought back to the beachhead.

16 aircraft of 90, 138 and 149 Squadrons, flying tracks 15 miles south of that taken by the invasion forces, simulate landings at Maligny and Villers Bocage. The Maligny decoy serves to relieve some pressure on US airborne forces around Ste-Mere-Eglise.

24 Lancasters of 101 Squadron and five B-17 Flying Fortresses of 214 Squadron, carrying 82 radio jammers between them, obliterate the German night-fighter frequencies for more than five hours.

16 Stirlings of 199 Squadron and four Fortresses of 803 Squadron USAAF establish a Mandrel screen from Littlehampton to Portland Bill jamming all but 5 per cent of the Freya radars between Cherbourg and Le Havre.

The Allies fly 14,674 sorties on D-Day. Losses, chiefly due to flak, are 113 (0.77 per cent). The Luftwaffe flies 319 sorties.

D-Day map, Southwick House.

Royal Navy

Ena Howes

Duty Petty Officer.

‘I was Duty Petty Officer on the night of 5 June. It was remarkably quiet and after the previous night’s cancellation because of adverse weather conditions, the operation was under way. For once the operators had time to chat amongst themselves, wondering if their boyfriends had sailed off to France too? Would we get any leave beforehand? Would the invasion succeed? How bad would the casualties be? All of these thoughts were bandied about, helping to pass the time – it was a very long night. Because of the use of scramblers we could only anticipate what was happening, but a call from General Omar Bradley at about 02:00 gave us cause to hope that everything was going to plan. The RAF had bombed the coastal batteries between Le Havre and Cherbourg and gliders had landed Airborne Divisions behind the coastline of Normandy. By the end of the Middle Watch we received news that everything was going well and at 06:30 the first seaborne troops were landing on the beaches. I finally went off duty at 08:00 and then came the BBC announcement of the landings. The Mess echoed to an almighty cheer. After all the planning the beginning of the end was in sight. Our lads were in France and we had been part of it! I walked down the tree-lined drive at Southwick House very tired but very happy.’