Mientras que las sociedades son cada vez más multiculturales, la población de las cárceles continúa siendo notoriamente homogénea. ¿Cómo entender este desajuste? Más que atribuirlo a una supuesta tendencia natural al delito entre los sectores más vulnerables, cabe pensar que la ley penal aplica un sesgo sistemático y discriminatorio y que, al hacerlo, protege un orden injusto. Como lo que está en juego aquí es el uso del aparato coercitivo estatal, que implica la imposición deliberada de dolor, el castigo no puede considerarse de manera superficial, sobre todo en contextos de marcada desigualdad.

Para dejar atrás las trampas más frecuentes que perpetúan la brutalidad del sistema, Roberto Gargarella se propone repensar el derecho penal desde los cimientos, recuperando sus lazos con una democracia que apueste a la inclusión y a la deliberación colectiva. Así, discute con el populismo penal y sus políticas de mano dura contra el crimen, amparadas en la voluntad de un pueblo al que nunca se consulta pero al que se atribuye el reclamo de penas más severas, que los medios y las encuestas de opinión amplifican. Y polemiza también con quienes, desde posiciones más progresistas, proponen la aplicación mínima del derecho penal como un mal menor al que habría que resignarse. Unos y otros, en definitiva, alimentan el elitismo de la justicia penal, un ámbito refractario a la discusión abierta. En diálogo controvertido e incisivo con autores como Carlos Nino, Eugenio Raúl Zaffaroni, Luigi Ferrajoli y Antony Duff, entre otros, Gargarella postula y defiende una visión alternativa, que alienta la participación ciudadana en la justicia (por la vía de mediaciones, conferencias o jurados) y experiencias innovadoras de reproche estatal.

Obra de uno de los especialistas más brillantes en el campo del derecho, que conjuga la contundencia conceptual con la voluntad de intervenir en el debate público, Castigar al prójimo abre el camino para revincular la justicia penal con la democracia.

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