Kitabı oku: «Russian language for crazy. Tutorial»

Yazı tipi:

Translator Ольга Чучукина

ISBN 978-5-4485-2777-7

Created with Ridero smart publishing system

From the author

Many foreigners who wish to learn Russian encounter the problem of searching a good textbook. To my mind, the textbooks that I had during my college years were very complicated and confusing to study Russian. Using them to learn Russian could be compared to my learning English at school for 6 years and at college for 2 years – I spent 8 years studying English, but I can say only a couple phrases for sure and one of them is “My name is Tatyana”. That’s pretty much all my knowledge of English. However, I have grade “A” in English in my college certificate. Possibly there are good textbooks to learn Russian but I haven’t met them yet.

What are the major differences characterizing my textbook? First, there is nothing more than necessary material, for example, phonetic exercises are excluded. Nowadays there are numerous websites that will teach you to read in Russian and help you with pronunciation.

Unlikely you will get rid of accent so don’t put too much effort in it. While speaking Russian with native speakers you will catch up in correct pronunciation. Second, you are going to study Russian grammar from the very first lesson even before you start speaking Russian. While studying this textbook you will learn the way of using tenses in Russian, correlation between verbal aspect and tense and understanding the cases of nouns or pronouns in relation to the verb.

There is a lot of tables in the textbook which will help you in studying language.

One more moment to which I’d like to pay your attention. There are phenomena in each language which are very difficult to explain. Sometimes native speakers don’t know why they speak so, instead of differently. Therefore the certain words and expressions are easier to learn and not to puzzle your brains why they are used so.

Why does the textbook have such strange title? The matter is that the people, wishing to learn Russian, seem a little bit crazy. Now when Russia is under the sanctions, when economy is in crisis, the idea of studying Russian is not the best somehow. But I am precisely assured that to speak Russian (as well as any other language however) is fine! And if you arrive to Russia sometime, find friends here

(the Russian friend – that’s cool!) and speak Russian with them by means of my textbook I shall be very glad.

Certainly, it would be quite good if someone helped you to study language, but nobody cancelled motivation-power. There would be a desire as Russians like to say.

Алфавит

А (a) Б (b) В (v) Г (g) Д (d) Е (jе) Ё (jo) Ж (ž) З (z) И (i) Й (j) К (k) Л (l) М (m) Н (n) О (о) П (p) Р (r) С (s) Т (t) У (u) Ф (f) Х (h) Ц (c) Ч (ch) Ш (sh) Щ (shch) Ъ ы (y) ь Э (e) Ю (ju) Я (ja)

Learning to read in Russian is not very difficult. We can say – it’s the easiest thing in Russian. Just put the sounds one by one. For example, мама (mama), идти (idti), знаю (znaju), купить (kupit’). Note the letter Ь, which softens the preceding consonant, but does not make sound itself. Therefore, at the end of the word “купить” it should be pronounced soft sound (T”). In the Internet (or in the You Tube) you can find a program and video that will teach you to read in Russian.

The Terms

To learn foreign language, it is necessary to know the basic terms. Without them training is impossible. (Certainly, if you live in the Russian-speaking environment, communicate in Russian every day, it will not be a controlling factor). For those who has no such conditions, without terms it is impossible in any way.

The Gender (masculine, feminine, neuter)

The Stem

The Number (singular, plural)

The Ending

The Tense (the Past, the Present, the Future)

The Verbal aspect (imperfective, perfective)

The Infinitive

The Imperative mood (imperative)

The Case

The Subject

The Predicate

The Comparative degree

The Part of speech (a noun, an adjective, a verb, a pronoun, an adverb, the numeral, a participle, a preposition, a conjunction)

The Synonym

The Antonym

The Sound (soft, hard, unvoiced, voiced)

The Letter (vowel, consonant)

The Sentence

The Accent

The Conjugation

The Greeting and Farewell in Russian

The basic greetings in Russian:

Здравствуйте! (=zdrastvuyte) До свидания! (= do svidaniya) are used are used when addressed to strangers.

Привет! (=privet) Пока! (= poka) До завтра! (=do savtra)

До встречи! (=do fstrechi) – is used when addressed to friends.

The Introducing

– Как… зовут? (What is….name?) – Меня зовут Татьяна. (My name is Tatyana) – Очень приятно. (Nice to meet you). – Меня зовут … (My name is ……)

When this question is addressed to you, it contains the pronoun ВАС, in a reply ВАС is replaced by the pronoun МЕНЯ. When you want to know the name of another person, you should ask: – Как ЕГО (ЕЁ, ИХ) зовут? In a reply the pronoun doesn’t change:

Как его зовут? (What is his name?) – ЕГО зовут Иван. (HIS name is Ivan).

Как её зовут? (What is her name?) – ЕЁ зовут Оля. (HER name is Olya).

Как их зовут? (What are their names?) – ИХ зовут Олег и Наташа. (THEIR names are Oleg and Natasha).

Answer the question:

Как вас зовут? Меня зовут…

Remember, that use of pronouns ты or вы depend on whom you address to.

“Как вас зовут?” You ask when referring to a stranger or to an adult. “Как тебя зовут?” one might ask a child only. For example, it would be indecent to ask an unknown girl: “Как тебя зовут?”. Girls do not beat you, of course, for such question -), but it is better not to ask so.

The Gender of Nouns

There are 3 genders of nouns in Russian. First they are should be learnt. The gender of a noun is determined very simply. When a noun ends in -A or -Я, then it is feminine. When a noun ends in -О or -Е, then it is neuter. All other nouns are masculine (except of папа, дедушка, дядя). Why do we need to know the gender of this or that noun? Noun’s ending varies in six cases in Russian – ((. And it doesn’t just vary, but varies in relation to the gender. Therefore, it is important to know the gender of a noun. It determines the choice of endings. When you just nominate an object or a person it is case 1 (nominative). In case 1 (nominative) the noun’s ending doesn’t change. For example, you say: Это телефон. Or you can ask: Это принтер? Это цветок?

When you want to know how an object is called in Russian, the correct question is: “Как это называется по-русски?” In reply you will hear, for example: “Это собака”.

Masculine gender – Feminine gender —А, -Я – Neuter gender – О, -Ё

он – она – оно

компьютер – девушка – окно

Exercise 1.

(The correct answers (Keys) can be found at the end of the textbook.)

Find the meanings of the words in the dictionary. Define the gender of nouns on the sample.

Sample: Машина – она (she), feminine gender. Телефон – he (он), masculine gender. Молоко – it (оно), neuter gender.

Сестра, брат, машина, скайп, интернет, компьютер, телевизор, собака, окно, молоко, паспорт, виза, кошка, ручка, туалет, пиво, Япония, Китай, Россия, университет.

The gender of a noun determines the choice of a pronoun which it refers to, such as мой (masculine gender), моя (feminine gender), моё (neutral gender), мои (plural). For example, it is wrong to say: Это мой жена. The noun “жена” is of feminine gender, therefore, you must choose the pronoun “моя”. And then the correct answer is: Это моя жена.

Compare correct and incorrect answers in the table below:

Это моя сестра. – правильно. Это мой сестра. – неправильно.

Это мой брат. – правильно. Это моя брат. – неправильно.

Это моя машина. – правильно. Это моё машина. – неправильно.

Это мой собака. – неправильно. Это моя собака. – правильно.

Это мой дети. – неправильно. Это мои дети. – правильно. (Plural noun)

Это мой компьютер. – правильно. Это моя компьютер. – неправильно.

Это мой друзья. – неправильно. Это мои друзья. – правильно.

The Singular and Plural Nouns

For the nouns of masculine and feminine. When the stem ends in К, Г, Х, Ш, Щ, Ж, Ч or a word ends in —Ь, the ending is И. When it ends in other letters, the ending is — Ы. For example, машиНа – машинЫ, книГа – книгИ, стоЛ – столЫ

The nouns of neutral gender in plural have endings —А, – Я

For example, окно – окнА, яйцо —яйцА

Some nouns form plural number in other way. These words you have to memorize!

Дерево (1) – деревья (many)

Ребёнок – дети

Друг – друзья

Учитель – учителя

Дом – дома

Человек – люди

Глаз – глаза

Город – города

Exercise 2.

Find the meanings of the words in the dictionary. Make on the sample. Sample: книга – книгИ

The Model – У вас есть..? =Do you have…?

Note that in case of positive answer to the question the ending of a noun does not change: – У вас есть машина? (Do you have a car?) – У меня есть машина (I have a car). The only difference is that “У вас…” has changed to “У меня…”

Exercise 3.

Give the positive answer to the questions:

1. У вас есть ручка? У меня…

2. У вас есть телефон?

3. У вас есть компьютер?

4. У вас есть паспорт?

5. У вас есть электронная почта? (=e-mail)

At the negative answer the noun’s ending changes. It depends on the gender of a noun. You can look changes of endings in the table.

Compare: У меня есть брат. (I have a brother). – У меня нет брата. (I have no brother). In the first sentence you answer positively to the question. The ending of the word “брат” does not change. In the second sentence the ending of the word “брат” has changed. As the word “брат” is of masculine gender, so the ending changes to —А. У меня нет братА. Remember that when you use the word “нет”, the ending of a noun is always changing! We cannot say: У меня нет брат.

Compare the sentences: У меня есть сестра. (I have a sister). – У меня нет сестры. (I have no sister). In the first sentence the ending of the word “сестра” does not change, as the answer is positive. In the second sentence the ending of the word “сестра” has changed from —А to —Ы, as the word “сестра” is of feminine gender. Thus, in the model “У меня нет…” an ending of a noun changes in relation to a noun’s gender.

The Model – У меня нет… =I have no…

If you notice, there are 2 endings in masculine and feminine genders. There is a question what to choose —Ы or —И, – А or -Я? When the stem of a noun of masculine gender ends in a hard consonant, then the ending is – А. When the stem of a noun of masculine gender ends in a soft consonant, then the ending is – Я. (Memorize: ЧА, ЩА are written with А!)

When the stem of a noun of feminine gender ends in a soft consonant or in К, Г, Х, Ш, Щ, Ж, then the ending is И. When it ends in other letters, then the ending is — Ы. However, it doesn’t matter, if you replace —А with —Я, and —Ы with —И, it won’t be very noticeable when pronounced-)! The MAIN THING, that you should memorize: in case of positive answer to the question in the model “У вас есть..?” the ending of a noun does not change. At the negative answer the noun’s ending ALWAYS changes. It depends on the gender of a noun. Noun’s ending varies in six cases in Russian. So, at the positive answer we use case 1 (the nominative form, the noun’s ending doesn’t change), at the negative answer we use case 2 (the noun’s ending changes to the second ending in relation to the gender of noun).

Answer the questions, using the tables. Don’t forget to change endings of nouns at the negative answers.

У вас есть брат?

У вас есть сестра?

У вас есть скайп?

У вас есть работа?

У вас есть кошка?

У вас есть собака?

У вас есть машина?

У вас есть вацап (=Whatsapp)?

У вас есть ноутбук?

У вас есть факс?

У вас есть мечта?

У вас есть телевизор?

У вас есть принтер?

У вас есть велосипед?

У вас есть словарь?

Only pronoun changes at the positive answer: У меня… The ending of a noun does not change.

Correct answers at the negative answer: (НЕТ + брата, сестры, скайпа, работы, кошки, собаки, машины, вацапа, ноутбука, факса, мечты, телевизора, принтера, велосипеда, словаря).

Memorize!

есть деньги – нет денег, есть проблемы – нет проблем, есть время – нет времени

The Past Tense, the Present Tense, the Future Tense

Let’s talk about the Tense. Models: У меня есть… У меня нет… are in the Present Tense.

When we want to say about that we once had, we use a verb in the Past Tense. For example: У меня есть собака. (I have a dog.) – the Present Tense. У меня была собака. (I had a dog.) – the Past Tense. In the Past Tense the endings of verbs change in relation to noun’s gender and number.

Compare:

У меня есть шанс. (I have a chance.) У меня есть работа. (I have a job.) Я меня есть пианино. (I have a piano.) У меня есть деньги. (I have money.). – the Present Tense.

У меня был шанс. (I had a chance.) – м.р. (m.). У меня былА работА. (I had a job.) – ж.р. (f.). У меня былО пианинО. (I had a piano).– ср. р. (n.). У меня былИ деньгИ. (I had money) – plural. – the Past Tense.

У меня будет шанс. (I’ll have a chance). У меня будет работа. (I’ll have a job). У меня будет пианино. (I’ll have a piano). У меня будут деньги (I’ll have money). (plural). – the Future Tense.

All examples are for a positive answer. Don’t forget, that the verb БЫТЬ change only.

At the negative answer the verb БЫТЬ change only, the noun’s endings remain unchanged (-А, -Я, -Ы, -И)

Exercise 4.

Make on the sample:

У меня нет работы. – У меня не было работы. – У меня не будет работы.

У меня есть работа. – У меня была работа. – У меня будет работа.

1. У него есть телефон. —

2. У меня есть квартира. —

3. У неё есть сестра. —

4. У них есть собаки.-

5. У мамы есть деньги. —

6. У брата есть жена. —

7. У меня нет машины. —

8. У него нет денег. —

9. У меня нет проблем. —

10. У нас нет времени. —

11. У мамы нет работы. —

12. У вас есть словарь?

13. У меня есть возможность (ж.р.).

14. У неё нет факса.

15. У студента нет визы.

The Possessive Pronouns

When you want to know to whom the subject or human belong you use the model ЧЕЙ..? (WHOSE…?)

Depending on the gender and number of a noun you choose Чей это …? Чья это..? Чьё это…? or Чьи это..? For example, Чья это машина? (Whose is this car?) (машина is of feminine gender so we use ЧЬЯ), Чей это телефон? (Whose is this phone?) (телефон is of masculine gender so we use ЧЕЙ) Чьё это пальто? (neuter gender) Чьи это деньги? (Whose is this money?) (plural). In the table above you can find the correct answers to questions that begin with ЧЕЙ? ЧЬЯ? ЧЬЁ? ЧЬИ?

When an object (or a person) is your property (belongs to you), choose the answer: Это моя машина. Это мой телефон. Это мои дети. Это моё пальто. Pay attention, that pronoun changes in relation to the noun’s gender and number. Это мой машина – incorrect answer. Машина – feminine gender. So, the correct answer is Это моя машина.

Exercise 5.

Make on the sample using the table.

The sample: Чей это словарь? (Whose is this dictionary?) (я). – Это мой словарь. (This is my dictionary).Чей это ключ? (Whose is this key?) (он) – Это его ключ. (This is his key).

1.Чей это карандаш? (он) —

2.Чья это ручка? (я) —

3.Чья это сумка? (она) —

4.Чьи это деньги? (вы) —

5.Чья это куртка? (он) —

6.Чей это ключ? (я) —

7.Чьи это дети? (они) —

8.Чей это словарь? (она) —

9.Чей это телефон? (я) —

10.Чьи это вещи? (они) —

11.Чей это ребёнок? (он) —

12.Чья это ошибка? (я) —

The Numeral

1 – один 2 – два 3 – три 4 – четыре 5 – пять 6 – шесть 7 – семь 8 – восемь 9 – девять

10 – десять 11 – одиннадцать 12 – двенадцать 13 – тринадцать 14 – четырнадцать

15 – пятнадцать 16 – шестнадцать 17 – семнадцать 18 – восемнадцать 19 – девятнадцать

20 – двадцать 30 – тридцать 40 – сорок 50 – пятьдесят 60 – шестьдесят 70 – семьдесят

80 – восемьдесят 90 – девяносто 100 – сто 200 – двести 300 – триста 400 – четыреста

500 – пятьсот 600 – шестьсот 700 – семьсот 800 – восемьсот 900 – девятьсот 1000 – тысяча

Memorize!

1 рубль, доллар, юань, евро

2, 3, 4 рубля, доллара, юаня, евро

5… рублей, долларов, юаней, евро

Одна тысяча

Две, 3, 4 тысячи

5… тысяч

1 миллион

2, 3, 4 миллиона

5… миллионов

As you see from the examples, the endings of the nouns in combination with numerals differ. It depends on what numeral is used: 1 or 2,3,4 or 5 or more. It should be just memorized!

Model Сколько стоит..? =How much is..?

Answer the questions:

Сколько стоит ваш словарь? Мой словарь стоит…

Сколько стоит ваша ручка? Моя ручка стоит…

Сколько стоит ваша сумка? Моя сумка стоит…

Сколько стоит ваша тетрадь? Моя тетрадь стоит…

Сколько стоят ваши часы? Мои часы стоят…

Сколько стоит билет в автобусе? Билет стоит…

Сколько стоит ваш карандаш? Мой карандаш стоит…

Сколько стоит кока-кола? Кока-кола стоит…

Сколько стоит ваш учебник? Мой учебник стоит…

Сколько стоит ваш телефон? Мой телефон стоит…

The Formation of the Past Tense of Verbs

The formation of the Past Tense in the Russian language is rather simple. (There are only 3 Tenses: the Past, the Present and the Future).

To form the Past Tense of a verb correctly, you just have to remove -ТЬ and add —Л, -ЛА, -ЛО, -ЛИ, depending on a gender. For example, let’s take the verb “купить”.

To form the Past Tense of the verb, we remove —ТЬ and add Л. Он купил. (He bought.) Она купила. (She bought.) Они купили. (They bought.)

Сказать – он сказал, она сказала, они сказали. (To tell – he told, she told, they told).

When a word ends in —СЯ, -TЬ is removed, but —СЯ remains. For example, учиться – он учился, она училась, они учились. You can see all variants in Table 1!

Exercise 6.

Make on the sample, using Table 1. Find the meanings of the words in the dictionary.

Sample: Писать – Он писал, она писала, они писали. Вернуться – Он вернулся, она вернулась, они вернулись.

Дать —

Учить —

Учиться —

Жить —

Ходить —

Ездить —

Звонить —

Видеть —

Хотеть –

Работать —

Купить —

Завтракать —

Обедать —

Ужинать —

Гулять —

At the positive answer in the Past Tense you say: Я гулял. Я ужинал. Я звонил. At the negative answer in the Past Tense you just add НЕ. Я не гулял. (I didn’t walk). Я не ужинал. (I didn’t have dinner.) Я не звонил. (I didn’t call.)

Exercise 7.

Give a negative answer. For example: Вы работали сегодня? (Did you work today?) – Я не работал. (I didn’t work.)

1.Вы завтракали сегодня?

2.Вы работали сегодня?

3.Вы гуляли сегодня?

4.Вы учились сегодня?

5.Вы пили сегодня утром сок?

Don’t forget that if you are a woman, you should add —ЛА: Я не работаЛА.

When several persons are mentioned, you should add —ЛИ: Мы не работаЛИ.

As you already know, the Past Tense of verbs in Russian is formed from the verb’s stem by means of the suffix —Л. Some verbs form the Past Tense another way. You should learn these verbs.

For example, the foreigners often say: Он умерел. (from “умереть”) or Он ошибился. (from«ошибиться”). It occurs that automatically —ТЬ is removed and – Л is added. Of course, Russians most likely will understand you, when you say so. But you wish to speak beautifully, don’t you? -)

And how to form the Past Tense of the verbs “умереть” and “ошибиться”, you can find in table 2.

In the table below verbs are grouped by a principle of analogy. First learn the formation of the Past Tense of verbs in column A. Of course, there are more such verbs than you can see in the table. But these ones are enough for the first time. Find the meanings of these verbs in the dictionary or in the end of tutorial.

Exercise 8.

Form The Past Tense of the verbs using table 2.

Sample: отвезти – отвёз, отвезла, отвезли.

1.Провести

2.Печь

3.Мочь

4. замёрзнуть

5.Погибнуть

6.Расти

7.Надоесть

8.Разойтись

9.Есть

10.Уйти

11.Отвезти

12.Попасть в аварию

13.Помочь

14.Подстричься

15.Упасть

16.Выйти замуж

17.Погибнуть

18.Развестись

19.Перевести

20.Привыкнуть

THE PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCE OF THE FORM OF THE PAST TENSE IN RUSSIAN IS THAT THE FORM IS NOT DETERMINED BY THE MOMENT OF SPEECH AND THE RESULT OF ACTION. If any action is done even a fraction of a second ago, it is already the Past Tense

There are 2 verbal aspects in Russian: perfective and imperfective. (Further we will denote them abbreviated as (perf.), (imperf)).What is the difference? When an action is taking place once, use the verb of perfective aspect. When an action is taking place several times (repeated), use imperfective aspect. I.e., if you walked to the shop yesterday and bought (once!) a pack of juice, it would properly to say: “Я вчера купил в магазине сок и сигареты. But if you, for example, something bought constantly before, you should say: “Я раньше (часто) покупал мясо”. (“I (often) bought meat before”. ) In this case, an action is taking place several times (repeated), so we use the verb of imperfective aspect.

Or another example. Feel the difference: Я вчера прочитал (с.в.) книгу. – Я читал вчера (н.в.) книгу. (Yesterday I had read (perf.) a book. – Yesterday I read (imperf.) a book.) When “прочитал”, it means till the end. When “читал”, it means that reading is not yet finished. In the first example, the action is completed, in the second one the action has not yet completed.

One more example. Compare: Я договаривался. (I arranged.) (договариваться – н.в.) (to arrange – imperf.) and Я договорился. (I have arranged.) (договориться – с.в.) (to have arranged – perf.). In the first sentence the action has not yet completed as there is no result. In the second sentence the action is completed as there is the result.

The verb “давать – дать” (to give – to have given). Compare: Он дал мне деньги. (He gave me money.) Он давал мне деньги. (He gave me money.) The action is done in the past for both verbs (no matter when). But the difference is that using the verb “дал” the Russians understand that the money was received once. And in the case of using the imperfect aspect “давал”, money was received several times.

Дарить – подарить. (to present with – to have presented with) Read the following sentence and define of what aspect the verb “подарить” is and why? Моя подруга вчера подарила мне часы. (Yesterday my girlfriend presented me with a watch. Let’s speculate! We are talking about yesterday’s event. The girlfriend presented me with a watch once. Therefore, the use of the imperfective verb is inappropriate. We can draw a conclusion that the verb “подарила” is a verb of perfective aspect. And if we take another example: В детстве папа всегда дарил мне цветы на день рождения. (When I was small, my dad always presented me with flowers for my birthday.) We are talking about a repeating event that occur over a period of time. Therefore, the verb of imperfective aspect should be used.

Of course, at the beginning it will be difficult to grasp, what the aspect of a verb to choose to form the Past Tense. But, as you study the language, you will catch in correct using. Just in case, I repeat. In the Past Tense the verbs of perfect aspect are used:

1. Action is taking place 1 time.

2. Action is completed, there is a result.

The verbs of imperfect aspect are used:

1. Action is taking place several times (repeated).

2. Action is not completed, there is no result.

The most important in the formation of the Past Tense is suffix — Л! And, of course, learn the verbs from table 2.

Ücretsiz ön izlemeyi tamamladınız.