Kitabı oku: «Leviathan»

Titel: Leviathan

von Augustus J. Thebaud, Charles Kingsley, Henry James, Thomas Hardy, Kate Douglas Smith Wiggin, Joseph Butler, John D. Barry, William Allan Neilson, Henry Rider Haggard, Rudolf Erich Raspe, Paul Heyse, Carl Russell Fish, Tom Taylor, Margaret Pedler, Homer, John Kendrick Bangs, John Burroughs, Juanita Helm Floyd, Maurice Liber, Anthony Trollope, William Morris, Mark Twain, Charles Dudley Warner, Thomas Hobbes

ISBN 978-3-7429-3092-7

Alle Rechte vorbehalten.

Es ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Erlaubnis nicht gestattet, dieses Werk im Ganzen oder in Teilen zu vervielfältigen oder zu veröffentlichen.

LEVIATHAN

By Thomas Hobbes

1651

LEVIATHAN OR THE MATTER,

FORME, & POWER OF A COMMON-WEALTH

ECCLESIASTICAL AND CIVILL

Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury

Printed for Andrew Crooke,

at the Green Dragon

in St. Paul's Churchyard,

1651.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES ON THE E-TEXT:

This E-text was prepared from the Pelican Classics edition of Leviathan, which in turn was prepared from the first edition. I have tried to follow as closely as possible the original, and to give the flavour of the text that Hobbes himself proof-read, but the following differences were unavoidable.

Hobbes used capitals and italics very extensively, for emphasis, for proper names, for quotations, and sometimes, it seems, just because.

The original has very extensive margin notes, which are used to show where he introduces the definitions of words and concepts, to give in short the subject that a paragraph or section is dealing with, and to give references to his quotations, largely but not exclusively biblical. To some degree, these margin notes seem to have been intended to serve in place of an index, the original having none. They are all in italics.

He also used italics for words in other languages than English, and there are a number of Greek words, in the Greek alphabet, in the text.

To deal with these within the limits of plain vanilla ASCII, I have done the following in this E-text.

I have restricted my use of full capitalization to those places where Hobbes used it, except in the chapter headings, which I have fully capitalized, where Hobbes used a mixture of full capitalization and italics.

Where it is clear that the italics are to indicate the text is quoting, I have introduced quotation marks. Within quotation marks I have retained the capitalization that Hobbes used.

Where italics seem to be used for emphasis, or for proper names, or just because, I have capitalized the initial letter of the words. This has the disadvantage that they are not then distinguished from those that Hobbes capitalized in plain text, but the extent of his italics would make the text very ugly if I was to use an underscore or slash.

Where the margin notes are either to introduce the paragraph subject, or to show where he introduces word definitions, I have included them as headers to the paragraph, again with all words having initial capitals, and on a shortened line.

For margin references to quotes, I have included them in the text, in brackets immediately next to the quotation. Where Hobbes included references in the main text, I have left them as he put them, except to change his square brackets to round.

For the Greek alphabet, I have simply substituted the nearest ordinary letters that I can, and I have used initial capitals for foreign language words.

Neither Thomas Hobbes nor his typesetters seem to have had many inhibitions about spelling and punctuation. I have tried to reproduce both exactly, with the exception of the introduction of quotation marks.

In preparing the text, I have found that it has much more meaning if I read it with sub-vocalization, or aloud, rather than trying to read silently. Hobbes' use of emphasis and his eccentric punctuation and construction seem then to work.

TO MY MOST HONOR'D FRIEND Mr. FRANCIS GODOLPHIN of GODOLPHIN

HONOR'D SIR.

Your most worthy Brother Mr SIDNEY GODOLPHIN, when he lived, was pleas'd to think my studies something, and otherwise to oblige me, as you know, with reall testimonies of his good opinion, great in themselves, and the greater for the worthinesse of his person. For there is not any vertue that disposeth a man, either to the service of God, or to the service of his Country, to Civill Society, or private Friendship, that did not manifestly appear in his conversation, not as acquired by necessity, or affected upon occasion, but inhaerent, and shining in a generous constitution of his nature. Therefore in honour and gratitude to him, and with devotion to your selfe, I humbly Dedicate unto you this my discourse of Common-wealth. I know not how the world will receive it, nor how it may reflect on those that shall seem to favour it. For in a way beset with those that contend on one side for too great Liberty, and on the other side for too much Authority, 'tis hard to passe between the points of both unwounded. But yet, me thinks, the endeavour to advance the Civill Power, should not be by the Civill Power condemned; nor private men, by reprehending it, declare they think that Power too great. Besides, I speak not of the men, but (in the Abstract) of the Seat of Power, (like to those simple and unpartiall creatures in the Roman Capitol, that with their noyse defended those within it, not because they were they, but there) offending none, I think, but those without, or such within (if there be any such) as favour them. That which perhaps may most offend, are certain Texts of Holy Scripture, alledged by me to other purpose than ordinarily they use to be by others. But I have done it with due submission, and also (in order to my Subject) necessarily; for they are the Outworks of the Enemy, from whence they impugne the Civill Power. If notwithstanding this, you find my labour generally decryed, you may be pleased to excuse your selfe, and say that I am a man that love my own opinions, and think all true I say, that I honoured your Brother, and honour you, and have presum'd on that, to assume the Title (without your knowledge) of being, as I am,

Sir,

Your most humble, and most obedient servant, Thomas Hobbes.

Paris APRILL 15/25 1651.

Contents

THE INTRODUCTION PART 1 OF MAN CHAPTER I. OF SENSE CHAPTER II. OF IMAGINATION Memory Dreams Apparitions Or Visions Understanding CHAPTER III. OF THE CONSEQUENCE OR TRAYNE OF IMAGINATIONS Trayne Of Thoughts Unguided Trayne Of Thoughts Regulated Remembrance Prudence Signes Conjecture Of The Time Past CHAPTER IV. OF SPEECH Originall Of Speech The Use Of Speech Abuses Of Speech Names Proper & Common Universall Subject To Names Use Of Names Positive Negative Names With Their Uses Words Insignificant Understanding Inconstant Names CHAPTER V. OF REASON, AND SCIENCE. Reason What It Is Reason Defined Right Reason Where The Use Of Reason Of Error And Absurdity Causes Of Absurditie Science Prudence & Sapience, With Their Difference Signes Of Science CHAPTER VI. OF THE INTERIOUR BEGINNINGS OF VOLUNTARY MOTIONS Motion Vitall And Animal Endeavour; Appetite; Desire; Hunger; Thirst; Aversion Contempt Good Evill Pulchrum Turpe; Delightfull Profitable; Unpleasant Unprofitable Delight Displeasure Pleasure Offence Pleasures Of Sense; Pleasures Of The Mind; Joy Paine Griefe The Will Formes Of Speech, In Passion Good And Evill Apparent Felicity Praise Magnification CHAPTER VII. OF THE ENDS OR RESOLUTIONS OF DISCOURSE Judgement, or Sentence Final; Doubt Science Opinion Conscience Beliefe Faith CHAPTER VIII. OF THE VERTUES COMMONLY CALLED INTELLECTUAL; Intellectuall Vertue Defined Wit, Naturall, Or Acquired Good Wit, Or Fancy; Good Judgement; Discretion Prudence Craft Acquired Wit Giddinesse Madnesse Rage Melancholy Insignificant Speech CHAPTER IX. OF THE SEVERALL SUBJECTS OF KNOWLEDGE CHAPTER X. OF POWER, WORTH, DIGNITY, HONOUR AND WORTHINESS Power Worth Dignity To Honour and Dishonour Titles of Honour Worthinesse Fitnesse CHAPTER XI. OF THE DIFFERENCE OF MANNERS What Is Here Meant By Manners A Restlesse Desire Of Power, In All Men Love Of Contention From Competition Civil Obedience From Love Of Ease From Feare Of Death Or Wounds And From Love Of Arts Love Of Vertue, From Love Of Praise Hate, From Difficulty Of Requiting Great Benefits And From Conscience Of Deserving To Be Hated Promptnesse To Hurt, From Fear And From Distrust Of Their Own Wit Vain Undertaking From Vain-glory Ambition, From Opinion Of Sufficiency Irresolution, From Too Great Valuing Of Small Matters And From The Ignorance Of Naturall Causes And From Want Of Understanding Credulity From Ignorance Of Nature Curiosity To Know, From Care Of Future Time Naturall Religion, From The Same CHAPTER XII. OF RELIGION Religion, In Man Onely First, From His Desire Of Knowing Causes From The Consideration Of The Beginning Of Things From His Observation Of The Sequell Of Things Which Makes Them Fear The Power Of Invisible Things And Suppose Them Incorporeall But Know Not The Way How They Effect Anything But Honour Them As They Honour Men And Attribute To Them All Extraordinary Events Foure Things, Naturall Seeds Of Religion Made Different By Culture The Absurd Opinion Of Gentilisme The Causes Of Change In Religion Injoyning Beleefe Of Impossibilities Doing Contrary To The Religion They Establish Want Of The Testimony Of Miracles CHAPTER XIII. OF THE NATURALL CONDITION OF MANKIND, From Equality Proceeds Diffidence From Diffidence Warre Out Of Civil States, The Incommodites Of Such A War In Such A Warre, Nothing Is Unjust The Passions That Incline Men To Peace CHAPTER XIV. OF THE FIRST AND SECOND NATURALL LAWES, AND OF CONTRACTS Right Of Nature What Liberty What A Law Of Nature What Naturally Every Man Has Right To Everything The Fundamental Law Of Nature The Second Law Of Nature What it is to lay down a Right Renouncing (or) Transferring Right What; Obligation Duty Justice Not All Rights Are Alienable Contract What Covenant What Free-gift Signes Of Contract Expresse Signes Of Contract By Inference Free Gift Passeth By Words Of The Present Or Past Merit What Covenants Of Mutuall Trust, When Invalid Right To The End, Containeth Right To The Means No Covenant With Beasts Nor With God Without Speciall Revelation No Covenant, But Of Possible And Future Covenants How Made Voyd Covenants Extorted By Feare Are Valide The Former Covenant To One, Makes Voyd The Later To Another A Mans Covenant Not To Defend Himselfe, Is Voyd No Man Obliged To Accuse Himselfe The End Of An Oath; The Forme Of As Oath No Oath, But By God An Oath Addes Nothing To The Obligation CHAPTER XV. OF OTHER LAWES OF NATURE The Third Law Of Nature, Justice Justice And Injustice What Justice Not Contrary To Reason Covenants Not Discharged By The Vice Of The Person To Whom Made Justice Of Men, And Justice Of Actions What Justice Of Manners, And Justice Of Actions Nothing Done To A Man, By His Own Consent Can Be Injury Justice Commutative, And Distributive The Fourth Law Of Nature, Gratitude The Fifth, Mutuall accommodation, or Compleasance The Sixth, Facility To Pardon The Seventh, That In Revenges, Men Respect Onely The Future Good The Eighth, Against Contumely The Ninth, Against Pride The Tenth Against Arrogance The Eleventh Equity The Twelfth, Equall Use Of Things Common The Thirteenth, Of Lot The Fourteenth, Of Primogeniture, And First Seising The Fifteenth, Of Mediators The Sixteenth, Of Submission To Arbitrement The Seventeenth, No Man Is His Own Judge The Eighteenth, No Man To Be Judge, That Has In Him Cause Of Partiality The Nineteenth, Of Witnesse A Rule, By Which The Laws Of Nature May Easily Be Examined The Lawes Of Nature Oblige In Conscience Alwayes, The Laws Of Nature Are Eternal; And Yet Easie The Science Of These Lawes, Is The True Morall Philosophy CHAPTER XVI. OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED Person Naturall, And Artificiall The Word Person, Whence Actor, Author; Authority Covenants By Authority, Bind The Author But Not The Actor The Authority Is To Be Shewne Things Personated, Inanimate Irrational False Gods The True God A Multitude Of Men, How One Person Every One Is Author An Actor May Be Many Men Made One By Plurality Of Voyces Representatives, When The Number Is Even, Unprofitable Negative Voyce PART II. OF COMMON-WEALTH CHAPTER XVII. OF THE CAUSES, GENERATION, AND DEFINITION OF A The End Of Common-wealth, Particular Security Which Is Not To Be Had From The Law Of Nature: Nor From The Conjunction Of A Few Men Or Familyes Nor From A Great Multitude, Unlesse Directed By One Judgement And That Continually Why Certain Creatures Without Reason, Or Speech, Do Neverthelesse Live In Society, Without Any Coercive Power The Generation Of A Common-wealth The Definition Of A Common-wealth Soveraigne, And Subject, What CHAPTER XVIII. OF THE RIGHTS OF SOVERAIGNES BY INSTITUTION The Act Of Instituting A Common-wealth, What The Consequences To Such Institution, Are I. The Subjects Cannot Change The Forme Of Government From this Institution of a Common-wealth are derived all the Rights, and 2. Soveraigne Power Cannot Be Forfeited 3. No Man Can Without Injustice Protest Against The 4. The Soveraigns Actions Cannot Be Justly Accused By The Subject 5. What Soever The Soveraigne Doth, Is Unpunishable By The Subject 6. The Soveraigne Is Judge Of What Is Necessary For The Peace And Judge Of What Doctrines Are Fit To Be Taught Them 7. The Right Of Making Rules, Whereby The Subject May 8. To Him Also Belongeth The Right Of All Judicature 9. And Of Making War, And Peace, As He Shall Think Best: 10. And Of Choosing All Counsellours, And Ministers, 11. And Of Rewarding, And Punishing, And That (Where No 12. And Of Honour And Order These Rights Are Indivisible And Can By No Grant Passe Away Without Direct The Power And Honour Of Subjects Vanisheth In The Presence Soveraigne Power Not Hurtfull As The Want Of It, CHAPTER XIX. OF THE SEVERALL KINDS OF COMMON-WEALTH BY INSTITUTION, The Different Formes Of Common-wealths But Three Tyranny And Oligarchy, But Different Names Of Monarchy, And Aristocracy Subordinate Representatives Dangerous Comparison Of Monarchy, With Soveraign Assemblyes Of The Right Of Succession Succession Passeth By Expresse Words; Or, By Not Controlling A Custome; Or, By Presumption Of Naturall Affection To Dispose Of The Succession, Though To A King Of Another Nation, CHAPTER XX. OF DOMINION PATERNALL AND DESPOTICALL Wherein Different From A Common-wealth By Institution The Rights Of Soveraignty The Same In Both Dominion Paternall How Attained Not By Generation, But By Contract Or Education; Or Precedent Subjection Of One Of The Parents To The Other The Right Of Succession Followeth The Rules Of The Rights Of Possession Despoticall Dominion, How Attained Not By The Victory, But By The Consent Of The Vanquished Difference Between A Family And A Kingdom The Right Of Monarchy From Scripture Soveraign Power Ought In All Common-wealths To Be Absolute CHAPTER XXI. OF THE LIBERTY OF SUBJECTS Liberty What What It Is To Be Free Feare And Liberty Consistent Liberty And Necessity Consistent Artificiall Bonds, Or Covenants Liberty Of Subjects Consisteth In Liberty From Covenants Liberty Of The Subject Consistent With Unlimited Power Of The Soveraign The Liberty Which Writers Praise, Is The Liberty Of Soveraigns; Liberty Of The Subject How To Be Measured Subjects Have Liberty To Defend Their Own Bodies, Are Not Bound To Hurt Themselves; Nor To Warfare, Unless They Voluntarily Undertake It The Greatest Liberty Of Subjects, Dependeth On The Silence Of The Law In What Cases Subjects Absolved Of Their Obedience To Their Soveraign In Case Of Captivity In Case The Soveraign Cast Off The Government From Himself And Heyrs In Case Of Banishment In Case The Soveraign Render Himself Subject To Another CHAPTER XXII. OF SYSTEMES SUBJECT, POLITICALL, AND PRIVATE The Divers Sorts Of Systemes Of People In All Bodies Politique The Power Of The Representative Is Limited By Letters Patents And The Lawes When The Representative Is One Man, His Unwarranted Acts His Own Onely When It Is An Assembly, It Is The Act Of Them That Assented Onely When It Is An Assembly, They Onely Are Liable That Have Assented If The Debt Be To One Of The Assembly, The Body Onely Is Obliged Protestation Against The Decrees Of Bodies Politique Bodies Politique For Government Of A Province, Colony, Or Town Bodies Politique For Ordering Of Trade A Bodie Politique For Counsel To Be Give To The Soveraign A Regular Private Body, Lawfull, As A Family Private Bodies Regular, But Unlawfull Systemes Irregular, Such As Are Private Leagues Secret Cabals Feuds Of Private Families Factions For Government CHAPTER XXIII. OF THE PUBLIQUE MINISTERS OF SOVERAIGN POWER Publique Minister Who Ministers For The Generall Administration For Speciall Administration, As For Oeconomy For Instruction Of The People For Judicature For Execution Counsellers Without Other Employment Then To Advise CHAPTER XXIV. OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREATION OF A COMMON-WEALTH And The Right Of Distribution Of Them All Private Estates Of Land Proceed Originally Propriety Of A Subject Excludes Not The Dominion Of The Soveraign, The Publique Is Not To Be Dieted The Places And Matter Of Traffique Depend, As Their Distribution, The Laws Of Transferring Property Belong Also To The Soveraign Mony The Bloud Of A Common-wealth The Conduits And Way Of Mony To The Publique Use The Children Of A Common-wealth Colonies CHAPTER XXV. OF COUNSELL Counsell What Differences Between Command And Counsell Exhortation And Dehortation What Differences Of Fit And Unfit Counsellours CHAPTER XXVI. OF CIVILL LAWES Civill Law what The Soveraign Is Legislator And Not Subject To Civill Law Use, A Law Not By Vertue Of Time, But Of The Soveraigns Consent The Law Of Nature, And The Civill Law Contain Each Other Provinciall Lawes Are Not Made By Custome, But By The Soveraign Power Some Foolish Opinions Of Lawyers Concerning The Making Of Lawes Law Made, If Not Also Made Known, Is No Law Unwritten Lawes Are All Of Them Lawes Of Nature Nothing Is Law Where The Legislator Cannot Be Known Difference Between Verifying And Authorising The Law Verifyed By The Subordinate Judge By The Publique Registers By Letters Patent, And Publique Seale The Interpretation Of The Law Dependeth On The Soveraign Power All Lawes Need Interpretation The Authenticall Interpretation Of Law Is Not That Of Writers The Interpreter Of The Law Is The Judge Giving Sentence Viva Voce The Sentence Of A Judge, Does Not Bind Him, Or Another Judge The Difference Between The Letter And Sentence Of The Law The Abilities Required In A Judge Divisions Of Law Another Division Of Law Divine Positive Law How Made Known To Be Law Another Division Of Lawes A Fundamentall Law What Difference Between Law And Right And Between A Law And A Charter CHAPTER XXVII. OF CRIMES, EXCUSES, AND EXTENUATIONS A Crime What Where No Civill Law Is, There Is No Crime Ignorance Of The Law Of Nature Excuseth No Man Ignorance Of The Civill Law Excuseth Sometimes Ignorance Of The Soveraign Excuseth Not Ignorance Of The Penalty Excuseth Not Punishments Declared Before The Fact, Excuse From Greater Punishments Nothing Can Be Made A Crime By A Law Made After The Fact False Principles Of Right And Wrong Causes Of Crime False Teachers Mis-interpreting The Law Of Nature Secondly, by false And False Inferences From True Principles, By Teachers By Their Passions; Presumption Of Riches And Friends Wisedome Hatred, Lust, Ambition, Covetousnesse, Causes Of Crime Fear Sometimes Cause Of Crime, As When The Danger Is Neither Present, Crimes Not Equall Totall Excuses Excuses Against The Author Presumption Of Power, Aggravateth Evill Teachers, Extenuate Examples Of Impunity, Extenuate Praemeditation, Aggravateth Tacite Approbation Of The Soveraign, Extenuates Comparison Of Crimes From Their Effects Laesae Majestas Bribery And False Testimony Depeculation Counterfeiting Authority Crimes Against Private Men Compared Publique Crimes What CHAPTER XXVIII. OF PUNISHMENTS, AND REWARDS The Definition Of Punishment Right To Punish Whence Derived Private Injuries, And Revenges No Punishments Nor Denyall Of Preferment Nor Pain Inflicted Without Publique Hearing Nor Pain Inflicted By Usurped Power Nor Pain Inflicted Without Respect To The Future Good Naturall Evill Consequences, No Punishments Hurt Inflicted, If Lesse Than The Benefit Of Transgressing, Where The Punishment Is Annexed To The Law, A Greater Hurt Is Not Hurt Inflicted For A Fact Done Before The Law, No Punishment The Representative Of The Common-wealth Unpunishable Hurt To Revolted Subjects Is Done By Right Of War, Not Punishments Corporall Capitall Ignominy Imprisonment Exile The Punishment Of Innocent Subjects Is Contrary To The Law Of Nature But The Harme Done To Innocents In War, Not So Reward, Is Either Salary, Or Grace Benefits Bestowed For Fear, Are Not Rewards Salaries Certain And Casuall CHAPTER XXIX. OF THOSE THINGS THAT WEAKEN, OR TEND TO THE DISSOLUTION OF Want Of Absolute Power Private Judgement Of Good and Evill Erroneous Conscience Pretence Of Inspiration Subjecting The Soveraign Power To Civill Lawes Attributing Of Absolute Propriety To The Subjects Dividing Of The Soveraign Power Imitation Of Neighbour Nations Imitation Of The Greeks, And Romans Mixt Government Want Of Mony Monopolies And Abuses Of Publicans Popular Men Excessive Greatnesse Of A Town, Multitude Of Corporations Liberty Of Disputing Against Soveraign Power Dissolution Of The Common-wealth CHAPTER XXX. OF THE OFFICE OF THE SOVERAIGN REPRESENTATIVE The Procuration Of The Good Of The People By Instruction & Lawes Against The Duty Of A Soveraign To Relinquish Any Essentiall Right Objection Of Those That Say There Are No Principles Of Reason For Objection From The Incapacity Of The Vulgar Subjects Are To Be Taught, Not To Affect Change Of Government Nor Adhere (Against The Soveraign) To Popular Men And To Have Dayes Set Apart To Learn Their Duty And To Honour Their Parents And To Avoyd Doing Of Injury: And To Do All This Sincerely From The Heart The Use Of Universities Equall Taxes Publique Charity Prevention Of Idlenesse Good Lawes What Such As Are Necessary Such As Are Perspicuous Punishments Rewards Counsellours Commanders CHAPTER XXXI. OF THE KINGDOME OF GOD BY NATURE The Scope Of The Following Chapters Who Are Subjects In The Kingdome Of God A Threefold Word Of God, Reason, Revelation, Prophecy Sinne Not The Cause Of All Affliction Divine Lawes Honour And Worship What Severall Signes Of Honour Worship Naturall And Arbitrary Worship Commanded And Free Worship Publique And Private The End Of Worship Attributes Of Divine Honour Actions That Are Signes Of Divine Honour Publique Worship Consisteth In Uniformity All Attributes Depend On The Lawes Civill Not All Actions Naturall Punishments The Conclusion Of The Second Part PART III. OF A CHRISTIAN COMMON-WEALTH CHAPTER XXXII. OF THE PRINCIPLES OF CHRISTIAN POLITIQUES What It Is To Captivate The Understanding How God Speaketh To Men By What Marks Prophets Are Known The Marks Of A Prophet In The Old Law, Miracles, And Doctrine Miracles Ceasing, Prophets Cease, The Scripture Supplies Their Place CHAPTER XXXIII. OF THE NUMBER, ANTIQUITY, SCOPE, AUTHORITY, Of The Books Of Holy Scripture Their Antiquity The Pentateuch Not Written By Moses The Book of Joshua Written After His Time The Booke Of Judges And Ruth Written Long After The Captivity The Like Of The Bookes Of Samuel The Books Of The Kings, And The Chronicles Ezra And Nehemiah Esther Job The Psalter The Proverbs Ecclesiastes And The Canticles The Prophets The New Testament Their Scope The Question Of The Authority Of The Scriptures Stated. Their Authority And Interpretation CHAPTER XXXIV. OF THE SIGNIFICATION OF SPIRIT, ANGEL, AND INSPIRATION IN Body And Spirit How Taken In The Scripture Spirit Of God Taken In The Scripture Sometimes For A Wind, Or Breath Secondly, For Extraordinary Gifts Of The Understanding Thirdly, For Extraordinary Affections Fourthly, For The Gift Of Prediction By Dreams And Visions Fiftly, For Life Sixtly, For A Subordination To Authority Seventhly, For Aeriall Bodies Angel What Inspiration What CHAPTER XXXV. OF THE SIGNIFICATION IN SCRIPTURE OF KINGDOME OF GOD, OF Kingdom Of God Taken By Divines Metaphorically But In The Scriptures The Originall Of The Kingdome Of God That The Kingdome Of God Is Properly His Civill Soveraignty Over Sacred What Degrees of Sanctity Sacrament CHAPTER XXXVI. OF THE WORD OF GOD, AND OF PROPHETS Word What The Words Spoken By God And Concerning God, Both Are Called Gods Word Secondly, For The Effect Of His Word Thirdly, For The Words Of Reason And Equity Divers Acceptions Of The Word Prophet Praediction Of Future Contingents, Not Alwaies Prophecy The Manner How God Hath Spoken To The Prophets To The Extraordinary Prophets Of The Old Testament He Spake God Sometimes Also Spake By Lots Every Man Ought To Examine The Probability Of A Pretended Prophets All Prophecy But Of The Soveraign Prophet Is To Be Examined CHAPTER XXXVII. OF MIRACLES, AND THEIR USE A Miracle Is A Work That Causeth Admiration And Must Therefore Be Rare, Whereof There Is No Naturall Cause Known That Which Seemeth A Miracle To One Man, May Seem Otherwise To Another The End Of Miracles The Definition Of A Miracle That Men Are Apt To Be Deceived By False Miracles Cautions Against The Imposture Of Miracles CHAPTER XXXVIII. OF THE SIGNIFICATION IN SCRIPTURE OF ETERNALL LIFE, Place Of Adams Eternity If He Had Not Sinned, The Terrestrial Paradise Texts Concerning The Place Of Life Eternall For Beleevers Ascension Into Heaven The Place After Judgment, Of Those Who Were Never In The Kingdome The Congregation Of Giants Lake Of Fire Utter Darknesse Gehenna, And Tophet Of The Literall Sense Of The Scripture Concerning Hell Satan, Devill, Not Proper Names, But Appellatives Torments Of Hell The Joyes Of Life Eternall, And Salvation The Same Thing, The Place Of Eternall Salvation Redemption CHAPTER XXXIX. OF THE SIGNIFICATION IN SCRIPTURE OF THE WORD CHURCH Church The Lords House Ecclesia Properly What In What Sense The Church Is One Person Church Defined A Christian Common-wealth, And A Church All One CHAPTER XL The Soveraign Rights Of Abraham Abraham Had The Sole Power Of Ordering The Religion Of His Own People No Pretence Of Private Spirit Against The Religion Of Abraham Abraham Sole Judge, And Interpreter Of What God Spake The Authority Of Moses Whereon Grounded Moses Was (Under God) Soveraign Of The Jews, All His Own Time, All Spirits Were Subordinate To The Spirit Of Moses After Moses The Soveraignty Was In The High Priest Of The Soveraign Power Between The Time Of Joshua And Of Saul Of The Rights Of The Kings Of Israel The Practice Of Supremacy In Religion, Was Not In The Time Of The Kings, After The Captivity The Jews Had No Setled Common-wealth CHAPTER XLI. OF THE OFFICE OF OUR BLESSED SAVIOUR Three Parts Of The Office Of Christ His Office As A Redeemer Christs Kingdome Not Of This World The End Of Christs Comming Was To Renew The Covenant Of The Kingdome Part Of His Office The Preaching Of Christ Not Contrary To The Then Law Of The Jews, The Third Part Of His Office Was To Be King (Under His Father) Christs Authority In The Kingdome Of God Subordinate To His Father One And The Same God Is The Person Represented By Moses, And By Christ CHAPTER XLII. OF POWER ECCLESIASTICALL Of The Holy Spirit That Fel On The Apostles Of The Trinity The Power Ecclesiasticall Is But The Power To Teach An Argument Thereof, The Power Of Christ Himself From The Name Of Regeneration From The Comparison Of It, With Fishing, Leaven, Seed From The Nature Of Faith: From The Authority Christ Hath Left To Civill Princes What Christians May Do To Avoid Persecution Of Martyrs Argument From The Points Of Their Commission To Preach And Teach To Baptize; And To Forgive, And Retain Sinnes Of Excommunication The Use Of Excommunication Without Civill Power. Of No Effect Upon An Apostate But Upon The Faithfull Only For What Fault Lyeth Excommunication Of Persons Liable To Excommunication Of The Interpreter Of The Scriptures Before Civill Soveraigns Of The Power To Make Scripture Law Of The Ten Commandements Of The Judicial, And Leviticall Law The Second Law The Old Testament, When Made Canonicall Of The Power Of Councells To Make The Scripture Law Of The Right Of Constituting Ecclesiasticall Officers In The Time Matthias Made Apostle By The Congregation. Paul And Barnabas Made Apostles By The Church Of Antioch What Offices In The Church Are Magisteriall Ordination Of Teachers Ministers Of The Church What And How Chosen What Of Ecclesiasticall Revenue, Under The Law Of Moses In Our Saviours Time, And After The Civill Soveraign Being A Christian Hath The Right Of Appointing The Pastorall Authority Of Soveraigns Only Is De Jure Divino, Christian Kings Have Power To Execute All Manner Of Pastoral Function The Civill Soveraigne If A Christian, Is Head Of The Church Cardinal Bellarmines Books De Summo Pontifice Considered The First Book The Second Book The Third Book The Fourth Book Texts For The Infallibility Of The Popes Judgement In Points Of Faith Texts For The Same In Point Of Manners Of The Popes Temporall Power CHAPTER XLIII. OF WHAT IS NECESSARY FOR A MANS RECEPTION INTO THE The Difficulty Of Obeying God And Man Both At Once Is None To Them That Distinguish Between What Is, And What Is Not All That Is Necessary To Salvation Is Contained In Faith And Obedience What Obedience Is Necessary; And To What Laws In The Faith Of A Christian, Who Is The Person Beleeved The Causes Of Christian Faith Faith Comes By Hearing Proved From The Scope Of The Evangelists From The Sermons Of The Apostles: From The Easinesse Of The Doctrine: From Formall And Cleer Texts From That It Is The Foundation Of All Other Articles In What Sense Other Articles May Be Called Necessary That Faith, And Obedience Are Both Of Them Necessary To Salvation What Each Of Them Contributes Thereunto Obedience To God And To The Civill Soveraign Not Inconsistent Or Infidel CHAPTER XLIV. OF SPIRITUALL DARKNESSE FROM MISINTERPRETATION OF The Kingdome Of Darknesse What The Church Not Yet Fully Freed Of Darknesse Four Causes Of Spirituall Darknesse Errors From Misinterpreting The Scriptures, Concerning The Kingdome As That The Kingdome Of God Is The Present Church And That The Pope Is His Vicar Generall And That The Pastors Are The Clergy Error From Mistaking Consecration For Conjuration Incantation In The Ceremonies Of Baptisme In Marriage, In Visitation Of The Sick, And In Consecration Of Places Errors From Mistaking Eternall Life, And Everlasting Death As The Doctrine Of Purgatory, And Exorcismes, And Invocation Of Saints The Texts Alledged For The Doctrines Aforementioned Have Been Answered Answer To The Text On Which Beza Infereth Explication Of The Place In Mark 9.1 Abuse Of Some Other Texts In Defence Of The Power Of The Pope The Manner Of Consecrations In The Scripture, Was Without Exorcisms The Immortality Of Mans Soule, Not Proved By Scripture To Be Of Nature, Eternall Torments What Answer Of The Texts Alledged For Purgatory Places Of The New Testament For Purgatory Answered Baptisme For The Dead, How Understood CHAPTER XLV. OF DAEMONOLOGY, AND OTHER RELIQUES OF THE RELIGION OF THE The Originall Of Daemonology What Were The Daemons Of The Ancients How That Doctrine Was Spread Why Our Saviour Controlled It Not The Scriptures Doe Not Teach That Spirits Are Incorporeall The Power Of Casting Out Devills, Not The Same It Was In The Primitive Another Relique Of Gentilisme, Worshipping Images, Left In The Church Answer To Certain Seeming Texts For Images What Is Worship Distinction Between Divine And Civill Worship An Image What Phantasmes Fictions; Materiall Images Idolatry What Scandalous Worship Of Images Answer To The Argument From The Cherubins, And Brazen Serpent Painting Of Fancies No Idolatry: Abusing Them To Religious Worship Is How Idolatry Was Left In The Church Canonizing Of Saints The Name Of Pontifex Procession Of Images Wax Candles, And Torches Lighted CHAPTER XLVI. OF DARKNESSE FROM VAIN PHILOSOPHY, AND FABULOUS TRADITIONS What Philosophy Is Prudence No Part Of Philosophy No False Doctrine Is Part Of Philosophy Nor Learning Taken Upon Credit Of Authors Of The Beginnings And Progresse Of Philosophy Of The Schools Of Philosophy Amongst The Athenians Of The Schools Of The Jews The Schoole Of Graecians Unprofitable The Schools Of The Jews Unprofitable University What It Is Errors Brought Into Religion From Aristotles Metaphysiques Errors Concerning Abstract Essences Nunc-stans One Body In Many Places, And Many Bodies In One Place At Once Absurdities In Naturall Philosophy, As Gravity The Cause Of Heavinesse Quantity Put Into Body Already Made Powring In Of Soules Ubiquity Of Apparition Will, The Cause Of Willing Ignorance An Occult Cause One Makes The Things Incongruent, Another The Incongruity Private Appetite The Rule Of Publique Good: And That Lawfull Marriage Is Unchastity And That All Government But Popular, Is Tyranny That Not Men, But Law Governs Laws Over The Conscience Private Interpretation Of Law Language Of Schoole-Divines Errors From Tradition Suppression Of Reason CHAPTER XLVII. OF THE BENEFIT THAT PROCEEDETH FROM SUCH DARKNESSE, He That Receiveth Benefit By A Fact, Is Presumed To Be The Author That The Church Militant Is The Kingdome Of God, Was First Taught By And Maintained Also By The Presbytery Infallibility Subjection Of Bishops Exemptions Of The Clergy The Names Of Sacerdotes, And Sacrifices The Sacramentation Of Marriage The Single Life Of Priests Auricular Confession Canonization Of Saints, And Declaring Of Martyrs Transubstantiation, Penance, Absolution Purgatory, Indulgences, Externall Works Daemonology And Exorcism School-Divinity The Authors Of Spirituall Darknesse, Who They Be Comparison Of The Papacy With The Kingdome Of Fayries A REVIEW, AND CONCLUSION