Kitabı oku: «India Under British Rule», sayfa 17

Tragic death.

The assassination of Lord Mayo in 1872 by an Afghan desperado in the Andaman Islands, brought the career of a great and energetic Viceroy to a sad and sudden close. By force of character, noble address, and genial open-heartedness, Lord Mayo had charmed every Asiatic feudatory that came to do homage; and even brought Shere Ali Khan, the sour and suspicious ruler of Afghanistan, to put some trust in the good faith and good intentions of the British government. His death was a loss to every European and Asiatic in India, and a loss to the British empire.

Lord Northbrook, 1872-76.

§12. The later administrations of Lord Northbrook in 1872-76, of Lord Lytton in 1876-80, of Lord Ripon in 1880-1884, and the advent of Lord Dufferin, the present Viceroy, are too recent for personal criticism. They have been characterised, however, by events and changes which have left their mark on British rule in India.

Royalty in India.

The personal influence of Her Majesty, and the presence of princes of the royal blood, have imparted a new prestige to British sovereignty. The visit of the Duke of Edinburgh during the régime of Lord Mayo, and the extended tour of the Prince of Wales during the régime of Lord Northbrook, were welcomed in India with every demonstration of joy and loyalty. The old East India Company was a magnificent corporation, but had always been a mystery to Asiatics. The presence of British princes, the sons of Her Majesty, solved the problem for ever.

Lord Lytton Viceroy, 1876-80: proclamation of the Empress.

§13. Finally the Imperial assemblage at Delhi on the 1st of January, 1877, when Her Majesty was proclaimed Empress of India by Lord Lytton, in the presence of all the members of the Indian governments, all the high officials of the empire, and of all the Asiatic feudatory rulers and their ministers, gave a reality to British sovereignty in India which had previously been wanting. When Queen Elizabeth gave a charter to the East India Company, at the beginning of the seventeenth century, when Queen Anne received a present of "tay" from the Court of Directors, and even when George III. and Queen Charlotte graciously accepted an ivory bedstead from the polite Warren Hastings, not a soul in the British Isles could possibly have dreamed that the nineteenth century would see the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland reigning as Empress over the dominions of the Great Mogul. Neither could the Asiatic populations of that dim commercial period, who beheld the European gentlemen writing letters and keeping accounts in factories and fortresses, have imagined that a day would come when the descendants of the "European gentlemen" would be the rulers of India.

Second Afghan war.

§14. Under Lord Lytton's régime there was a second war in Afghanistan. Shere Ali Khan had become estranged from the British government. He imprisoned his eldest son, Yakub Khan, and refused British mediation. He was offended because the British government would not conclude an offensive and defensive alliance on equal terms. He received a mission from Russia at Cabul, and refused to receive a mission from the British government.

British designs.

Accordingly, it was resolved to establish British supremacy in Afghanistan; to advance the British frontier to the Hindu Kush; to convert the mountain range into a natural fortress, with Afghan-Turkistan for its berme and the river Oxus for its ditch. Russia already held the glacis, as represented by Usbeg-Turkistan.

Massacre and submission.

Shere Ali Khan fled away northward as the British army advanced, and died in exile. Yakub Khan succeeded to the throne, and submitted to the demands of the British Resident. Then followed the cruel and cowardly massacre of Sir Louis Cavagnari, the British Resident at Cabul, with all his officers and attendants; the abdication of Yakub Khan; and finally the accession of Abdul Rahman Khan, the present Amir, who was son of the first born of Dost Mohammed who was ousted in favour of Shere Ali.

Regulation and non-regulation provinces.

During the generation that followed the mutinies, the administration of British India has been undergoing an important change. The old patriarchal rule of non-regulation provinces has been fading away. The distinction between regulation and non-regulation is being effaced. The Punjab and Oudh, the Central Provinces and British Burma, which for years had been exclusively controlled by the Foreign Office, are being brought more and more under the Home Office; and the same laws and forms of administration will soon prevail throughout every presidency and province of the Anglo-Indian empire.

Asiatic students: European masters.

§15. British India is a school for Asiatics in which Europeans are the masters. The teaching has hitherto been successful. Asiatic students are becoming monitors; some are under-masters; and some may in due course hope to be masters. The British government is appointing educated Asiatics to posts of responsibility and trust, which few European merchants and bankers have hitherto ventured to do. Accordingly, non-officials, as well as officials, are awaiting the results of an experiment that will serve to show how far the Asiatic has profited by his European education; and how far he may be entrusted with the higher duties of administration, or with the exercise of self-government and political power.

Hindu culture.

Hindus have many virtues. They are obedient to parents, polite to equals, respectful to superiors, and reverential towards priests and preceptors. But for ages they have lived under the despotism of caste, custom, and religion, which is slowly melting away from European capitals of India, but is still rampant in Asiatic towns and villages. British education is elevating their intellects and enlarging their experiences, but cannot change their nature, nor hastily emancipate them from the usages of ages. The result is that to this day, both Hindus and Mohammedans lack those political ideas of constitutional government and public life, in which Englishmen have been trained since the days of Queen Elizabeth.

Child marriages.

Hindus are married in their childhood, and are often husbands and fathers when British boys are still at school, or learning trades and professions, or competing at boating or cricket. All this while, and for years after they have attained manhood, the bulk of Hindus are living under the roof of their parents. Husbands are ruled by fathers as though they were still children, and wives are the victims of their mothers-in-law.

Temper and repression.

Occasionally Hindus will exhibit a petulance and passion like that which drove the sepoys into mutiny; but as a general rule, they are kept within bounds by the despotism and discipline which reigns supreme in Hindu families, as well as by the severe self-control, which Asiatics esteem as one of the highest virtues. Moreover, during a long course of ages, they have become more or less enervated by that depressing heat, which often shakes the nerve and loosens the muscle of Europeans. Consequently, they have little relish for active life, and generally prefer sedentary duties which do not involve physical exertion.

Village communities.

Hindu village communities may have had some public life in the pre-British period. They governed themselves, and administered justice amongst themselves, but they in their turn were governed by caste, custom, and superstition. Sometimes they defended themselves against brigands or tigers, and they environed their domiciles with mud walls, wooden palisades, or hedges of prickly pear. If however there were any rumours of an enemy appearing in force, they all fled to the jungle until the danger was over. In Bengal, the villagers were helpless to resist dacoits, who occasionally committed the most horrible crimes; but since the organisation of police under European superintendence, such atrocities have disappeared from British India.

Despotic commonwealths.

Where the village community was strong, the little commonwealth was a despotism. The joint proprietary was an oligarchy, and tenants and cultivators were serfs or slaves. The officials and artisans were hereditary, and hereditary officials are almost invariably inefficient and untrustworthy. Village justice may have been administered by the elders, but generally at the dictation of some domineering Brahman or Guru.

Old civilian conservatism.

Indian civilians of the old school, like Thomas Munro and Mountstuart Elphinstone, were much inclined towards Hindu institutions. In those ancient times the whole village would turn out to welcome the arrival of a new British collector and magistrate. The Asiatic officials appeared with music, flags, and garlands, whilst the village dancing girl performed before the "great man," and sung his praises. The "great man" in his turn was charmed with these manifestations of respect for British rule; but a later generation was aghast at the enormity, and the demonstration was stopped by the Court of Directors.

Failure.

In the Madras Presidency Munro turned the headmen of villages into munsifs, and empowered them to settle all civil disputes up to the value of twenty shillings. The village munsifs might also summon a punchayet, or council of arbitrators, to settle disputes above that amount. In the Bombay Presidency, Mountstuart Elphinstone made similar attempts to utilise the Mahratta collectors and sub-collectors. But in both cases the experiment failed through hereditary incapacity or corruption.

Trained Asiatic officials.

The creation of new classes of Asiatic officials has been more successful. Munsifs, trained and educated, are deciding civil cases in the districts, and have proved efficient and trustworthy. Deputy-collectors and magistrates, as well as subordinate judges, have also been found to do their work well. Pay and position have been improved, and the number has been increased; and possibly more might be done in this direction. But this question can be best worked out with that of placing European and Asiatic magistrates on the same bench.

Viceroy of India in council.

§16. The Viceroy is sovereign over the whole of India. He is no longer drawn away from the cares of supreme control by the separate and direct government of Bengal and the North-West Provinces. Each of these presidencies has now a lieutenant-governor of its own. The Viceroy is thus the presiding deity of the whole of India. During the cold weather months he reigns at Calcutta on the banks of the Hughly, where he is president alike of an executive council and a legislative council. During the hot weather months, he is enthroned at Simla like another Indra, on the slopes of the Himalaya mountains, attended by his cabinet or executive council. He exercises sovereign authority over every presidency and every province; and every Asiatic ruler in India, Hindu or Mohammedan, Rajput or Mahratta, acknowledges the supremacy of the Viceroy and Governor-General as the representative of the Queen and Empress.

Secretary of State in Council.

But Indra himself is subject to some mysterious power, who is omnipotent and invisible. In like manner the Viceroy of India in Council is subject to a deus ex machinâ, in the shape of the Secretary of State for India in Council. The Secretary of State, or one of his under-secretaries, is sometimes asked questions in Parliament; but the Secretary of State for the time being generally manages to have his own way, or treads cautiously in the footsteps of his predecessors, or relies on the wisdom of the reigning Viceroy.

Strengthening of legislative council.

The executive council of the Secretary of State, as well as that of the Viceroy, are essential parts of the constitutional government of India. But the legislative council of India lacks strength and independence. It was a mistake to shut out the two judges from the chamber. One European and one Asiatic judge would be as useful in the council as on the bench. Again, in these days of railways and steamers, there seems no reason why governors of presidencies, and lieutenant-governors and chief commissioners of provinces, should not occasionally sit in the legislative council of India to exchange views and give the weight of their personal support to their respective representative members. The sittings are generally held in the cold season, when the British Parliament is not sitting. The occasional presence of high Indian officials and British members of Parliament would improve the debates, educate public opinion, and convert the chamber into a high school for Asiatic legislators.

British Residents in Asiatic states.

Meanwhile the idea of a school should be borne in mind in every branch of the administration, civil and judicial, and especially in the foreign or political department. A British officer at an Asiatic court is often the one solitary representative of civilisation and progress; and this feeble light ought to be fed, strengthened, and kept constantly burning like the fire of the Vestal virgins. By that light, Asiatic rulers may hope in time to rise to the level of Europeans; without it, they may sink back into the barbarism of the past century, when the Mogul empire had lost its hold, and was tottering to its fall.

INDEX

A

Adoption, question of, 175;

present aspect, 177

Afghanistan, Elphinstone's mission, 103;

Russian advances, 143;

first Afghan war, 146;

insurrection at Cabul, 149;

British losses in the Khyber Pass, 150;

end of war, 152;

vulnerable frontier, 186;

death of Dost Mohammed Khan, 290;

fratricidal war, 291;

Shere Ali Khan, ib.;

second Afghan war under Lord Lytton, 296

Agnew, Mr. Vans, murdered at Multan, 161

Agra, captured by General Lake, 95;

presidency formed, 128;

water way, 171;

isolation during the sepoy mutinies, 215, 231

Ajmere, acquired by the British, 120

Akalis, Sikh fanatics, 156, 157

Akbar Khan, son of Dost Mohammed, heads revolt at Cabul, 149;

murders Sir William Macnaghten, 150

Alam, Shah, Padishah, seeks British protection, 95

Alexander the Great, defeat of Porus, 163;

his invasion of India, 225

Alighur, fortress of, captured by Lake, 94

Aliwal, battle of, 159

Allahabad, at the junction of the Jumna and Ganges, 171;

position during the sepoy revolt, 215, 217, 220, 238;

mutiny and massacre, 241;

fortress besieged, ib.;

relieved by General Neill, 242

Amherst, Lord, Governor-General, 120;

first Burmese war, 121;

Bhurtpore war, 122

Amir Khan, an Afghan Pindhari, 105;

founds principality of Tonk, 112, 113;

surrenders to the British, 115

Amritsar, city of, 155

Andaman Islands, 294

Anderson, Lieut., murdered at Multan, 161

Anson, General, at Simla, 216;

movements at the revolt of Delhi, 216-271;

his death, ib.

Appa Sahib, defeated by the British, 117;

flight from Nagpore, ib.;

succeeded by his grandson, ib.

Arakan, annexed by the British government, 122, 169

Arcot, captured by Clive, 34;

suppresses mutiny at Vellore, 100

Arrah, besieged by rebels, 266;

relieved by Major Eyre, 267

Asia, Central and Northern, the cradle of India, 142;

rise of Nadir Shah, 143;

rise of British power in, 145

Asiatics of India, better phrase than "native," 186;

characteristic craft, 240;

officials, 300

Asiatic rulers, acknowledge British supremacy, 301;

British political officers in India, 302

Assam, overrun by Burmese, 121;

acquired by the British, 122;

tea cultivation, 123

Assaye, battle of, 94

Attock, fortress of, captured by Dost Mohammed Khan, 163

Auckland, Lord, Governor-General of India, 141;

declares war against Dost Mohammed Khan, 145;

sends expedition against Cabul, 146

Aurangzeb, the Great Mogul, 21;

stops supply of saltpetre to the British at the bidding of Turkey, 25;

his death, 31;

persecutes the Sikhs, 155;

detested by the Sikhs, 222

Ava, see Burma

B

Baird, Sir David, commands storming party at Seringapatam, 86

Bala Hissar, fortress of, 148

Barlow, Sir George, provisional Governor-General, 98;

political half measures, 99;

sacrifices revenue in Bundelkund, 101;

annuls protective treaties, 104

Barnard, Sir Henry, commander-in-chief in 1857, advances against Delhi, 218;

his death, 230

Baroda, Gaekwar of, 112

Barrackpore, cantonment and park, near Calcutta, 192;

story of the Lascar and Brahman, 194;

sepoy agitation, 196;

incendiarism, 197;

outbreak of Mungal Pandy, 201;

disbandment of 19th Native Infantry, 202;

of the 34th Native Infantry, 205

Barwell, Mr., member of the Council of Warren Hastings, 65

Bassein, efforts of the British at Bombay to acquire from the Mahrattas, 72;

treaty of 1802 concluded with the Peishwa, 92, 119 note

Bayley, Sir Edward Clive, Home Secretary to Sir John Lawrence, his knowledge of Indian history, 288

Behar, a province of Bengal, 42-44, 127, 129;

mutinies at Patna, Dinapore, and Arrah, 266

Benares, ceded to the British, 73;

turbulent population, 235;

triumph of Mr. Gubbins, 236;

mutiny of sepoys, 237

Bengal, early English trade, 25;

British supervisors, 55;

terrible famine, ib.;

British administration, 58;

zemindari system of land revenue, ib.;

no village communities, 128;

people, 190

Bengal army, see Sepoys

Bentinck, Lord William, recalled from Madras, 101;

Governor-General, 123;

wise and just administration, ib.;

civil and judicial reforms, 126;

appoints Asiatic officials, 127;

settles land revenue in the North-West Provinces, 131, 167;

popularity, 140;

appoints Asiatic deputy collectors, 166

Berhampore, sepoys at, 192;

mutiny against greased cartridges, 198

Berar, British relations with, 72;

vacillations of the Raja, 95; see Nagpore

Bhotan, beyond Northern India, expedition to, 293

Bhurtpore, Jhat Raja of, pays a heavy fine to the British, 98;

destruction of the fortress, 122

Bithoor, palace of Nana Sahib, 244;

destroyed by Havelock, 259

Bombay, old fortress and town, 24;

interference in Mahratta affairs, 73;

bravery of sepoys, 118;

acquires the territories of the Peishwa, 134;

stagnation, 139;

want of roads, 172;

state education, 278;

cotton speculations, 287;

failure of Bank, ib.

Brahmans, hereditary schoolmasters, astrologers, and priests, 129;

survival of, 131;

position in the Bengal army, 188, 191

Britain, Great, an Asiatic power, 140, 180, 276

Buller, Sir Arthur, his opposition in legislative council, 281

Bundelkund, lawless condition of, 101;

chiefs of, defy the British, ib.;

peace restored, 102;

condition, 255, 289 note

Burma, aggressive demands of the officials, 120;

invade British territory, 121;

end of first war, 122;

second war, 168

Burnes, Sir Alexander, at Cabul, 148;

environed by Afghan mob, 149;

murdered, ib.

Buxar, battle of, 52

C

Cabul, see Afghanistan

Cachar, under British rule, 122;

tea cultivation, 123

Calcutta, founded, 28;

captured by the Nawab of Bengal, 35;

Black Hole tragedy, 38;

recaptured, 42;

auction sales of lands, 60;

British garrison of, 186, 192

Campbell, Sir Archibald, at Rangoon, 121

Campbell, Sir Colin, commander-in-chief, Bengal army, 271;

sets out for Lucknow, ib.;

reaches Residency, ib.;

brings away besieged, ib.

Canara, landholders and land revenue of, 133

Canning, Lord, Governor-General, 181;

war with Persia, ib.;

settlement with the Delhi family, 182;

uneasy about Oudh, ib.;

alarm of the sepoys at Barrackpore, 192;

mutiny at Berhampore, 200;

outbreak at Barrackpore, 201;

disaffection in Oudh, 202;

disbandments at Barrackpore, 202, 205;

mutiny at Meerut, 206, 208;

orders General Anson to Delhi, 217;

refuses to abandon Peshawar, 229;

offends non-official Europeans at Calcutta, 279;

turns the executive council of India into a cabinet, 281;

departure and death, 285

Carnatic in Southern India, conquered by Aurangzeb, 22;

war between Great Britain and France, 32;

interference of the Nawab, ib.;

rival Nawabs, 33;

invasions of Hyder, 74;

acquired by Lord Wellesley and incorporated with the Madras Presidency, 87, 88

Cashmere, conquered by Runjeet Singh, 103;

sold by Lord Hardinge to Golab Singh, 160;

relations with the British government, 289

Caste in Bengal army, 191;

its disadvantages, ib.

Cavagnari, Sir Louis, murdered at Cabul, 297

Cawnpore on the Ganges, British cantonment in Lord Lake's time, 94;

position, 171, 175;

outbreak of the sepoy mutinies, 233;

story of Cawnpore, 243;

peril of General Wheeler, 244;

palace of Nana Sahib at Bithoor, 245;

suspense, 248;

mutiny, 251;

treachery of Nana Sahib, 252;

revolting cruelties, ib.;

massacre, 254;

advance of Havelock, 256;

story of the "well," 258;

defeat of Wyndham, 272;

victory of Sir Colin Campbell, ib.

Central India, feudatory Asiatic states and chiefships, 289 note

Central Provinces, under Home Office, 297

Chamberlain, Neville, his flying column in the Punjab, 224;

services at the siege of Delhi, 227, 230

Charnock, Job, imprisoned and scourged by the Nawab of Bengal, 25;

flies to Madras, 27;

founds Calcutta, 28

Charters, see East India Company

Child, Sir Joseph, frames a municipal corporation for Madras, 16;

makes war on the Great Mogul, 25;

plans the protection of British trade in India by three great fortresses, 26;

his humiliation, 27

Chillianwalla, battle of, 163, 164

China, East India Company's trade with, 138

Chout, paid by the Mogul to the Mahrattas, 28;

plunder of Bengal and the Carnatic for non-payment, 32;

Mahratta demands on the Nizam, 82;

demanded by Holkar, 96

Clavering, General, appointed member of council, 66;

insolence to Warren Hastings and Elijah Impey, 67, 68

Cleveland, Augustus, humanises the Sonthals, 78

Clive, Robert, saves British interests in India by the capture of Arcot, 34;

expedition to Calcutta after the Black Hole disaster, 40;

victory at Plassy, 42;

instals a new Nawab, 43;

relieves the Mogul Prince Imperial, 45;

refuses the post of Dewan to the Great Mogul, ib.;

offers it to William Pitt, 46;

Governor of British settlements in Bengal, 53;

accepts the Dewani, 54;

returns to England, 55;

inferior authority to that of Warren Hastings, 56

Code, Penal, 281

Colvin, Mr. John, besieged in fortress of Agra, 220, 231 note

Combermere, Lord, captures fortress of Bhurtpore, 122

Company, see East India

Cornwallis, Lord, appointed Governor-General, 78;

proclaims the perpetual settlement, 79;

judicial reforms, ib.;

war against Tippu, 80;

Governor-General a second time, 98;

dies, ib.

Councils, executive and legislative, see Government

Courts, see Judicature

Currie, Sir Frederic, Resident at Lahore, 161

D

Dalhousie, Lord Governor-General, 161;

enters on the second Sikh war, 163;

annexes the Punjab, 164;

introduces British administration, 166;

second Burmese war, 168;

annexation of Pegu, 169;

progressive policy, 170;

public works, ib.;

roads, 171;

railways, 173;

telegraphs, 174;

Ganges canal, ib.;

annexation policy, 175;

question of adoption, 176;

annexation of Jhansi and Oudh, 177;

opens the legislative council of India, 179;

leaves India, 180

Deccan, definition of the term, 2;

Mohammedan Sultans of Golconda, 22;

bad roads, 172

Delhi, capital of the Mogul empire, 44;

flight of the Prince Imperial to Calcutta, ib.;

proposed British expedition stopped by Clive, 53;

defended by Ochterlony against Holkar, 95;

occupied and plundered by Nadir Shah, 144;

water-way to Calcutta, 173;

family of the last of the Moguls, 182;

occupied by the rebel sepoys from Meerut, 208;

the city and its surroundings, 210;

massacre of Europeans, 213;

explosion of the magazine, 214;

rebel successes, 216;

avenged, 219;

the siege, 221;

the capture, 230;

imperial assemblage at, 295

Denison, Sir William, Provisional Governor-General, 286;

returns to Madras, ib.

Dharna, sitting in, 81;

abolished, ib.

Dhuleep Singh, nominal sovereign of the Punjab, 157

Dinapore, European regiment at, 186;

mutiny at, 266

Dost Mohammed Khan, ruler of Afghanistan, 145;

defeated by the British, 146;

a prisoner at Calcutta, 147;

returns to Cabul, 152;

recovers Peshawar during second Sikh war, 162, 163;

helped by the British in the Persian war, 181;

death, 290;

wars between his sons, 291

Dravidian races, 142

Dumdum arsenal, near Calcutta, 186;

musketry school at, 192

Dupleix, French Governor of Pondicherry, 32;

his brilliant success, 33;

appointed Nawab of the Carnatic, ib.;

ruin of his schemes by Clive, 34;

return to France, ib.;

disgrace and death of, ib.

Durand, Sir H., Foreign Secretary, 288;

relations with Sir John Lawrence, 289;

proposed restoration of Mysore, 292

Dutch, settlements of, 9

E

East India Company, charter and factories, 1;

English house at Surat, 4;

territory and fortress at Madras, 7;

Fort St. George, 12;

charter from James II. for municipal corporation, 16;

settlement at Bombay, 24;

at Hughly, 25;

war against the Great Mogul, 26;

submission, 27;

war with France, 32;

saved by Robert Clive, 34;

Black Hole tragedy, 35;

Plassy, 42;

exasperated by their civil servants at Calcutta, 53;

accepts the office of Dewan for Bengal, Behar, and Orissa, 54;

orders Warren Hastings to assume the direct administration, 56;

false position of the Company in Bengal, 69;

first war against the Mahrattas, 71;

Fox's hostile India bill, 75;

Pitt's Board of Control, 76;

trial of Warren Hastings, 77;

wars of Lord Wellesley, 84;

conquest of Mysore, 86;

annexation of the Carnatic, 88;

subsidiary alliances, 89;

second Mahratta war, 94;

recall of Lord Wellesley from Bengal, 98;

recall of Lord William Bentinck from Madras, 101;

war against Nipal, 108;

Pindhari and Mahratta wars, 110;

paramount power in India, 120;

first Burmese war, ib.;

administration of Lord William Bentinck, 123;

stages in the relations between the Company and the Crown, 135;

old East India House, 136;

patronage under Pitt's bill, 137;

charters of 1813 and 1833 granted by Parliament, 138;

abolition of licences, ib.; constitutional changes, 139;

appointment of Lord Macaulay, ib.;

charter of 1833, its evil results, ib.;

an Asiatic power, 141;

first Sikh war, 154;

second Sikh war, 161;

acquisition of the Punjab, 165;

second Burmese war, 168;

splendid administration of Lord Dalhousie, 170;

question of adoption, 175;

annexation of Oudh, 177;

end of charter of 1833, 178;

competitive examinations for the Indian civil and new legislative council of India, 179;

sepoy revolt, 185, 232;

end of the East India Company, 275

Edinburgh, Duke of, visit to India, 295

Education in India, 277;

state system, 278;

Bible teaching, 279

Edwardes, Herbert, defeats rebels at Multan, 161, 162;

opposes withdrawal from Peshawar, 229

Elgin, Lord, sends British regiments to Lord Canning, 233;

Viceroy and Governor-General, 286

Ellenborough, Lord, Governor-General, 151;

hears news of Khyber Pass disaster, ib.;

interferes in Gwalior, 152;

recalled, 154;

proposes removal of the Delhi family, 182

Elphinstone, Mountstuart, his mission to Cabul, 103;

Resident at Poona, 112;

negotiations with the Mahratta Peishwa, 113;

destruction of his library, 116;

Governor of Bombay, 134;

conservatism in India, 299;

its failure, 300

Empress of India, proclamation of, 295

F

Ferozshahar, battle of, 158, 159

Foreign Office, Indian, relations with Asiatic states, 289;

misleading term, 290 note

Fort St. George, see Madras

Fort William, see Calcutta

Francis, Mr. Philip, member of Bengal Council, reputed author of the Letters of Junius, 66;

jealous hatred of Warren Hastings, ib.;

bitter charges against Hastings and Impey, 67, 68;

denounces appointment of Impey to the Sudder, 70;

fights a duel and returns to England, 75

Frere, Sir Bartle, Governor of Bombay, 286;

his career, 287

Frontier tribes on the north-west, 225

G

Gaekwar of Baroda, 112, 289 note

Ganges canal, 174

Ganges, river, 171, 175

George III., his hostility to Fox's India Bill, 137;

accepts presents from Warren Hastings, 296

Ghorka, conquest of Nipal, 106;

war against British government, 108-110

Gillespie, Colonel, commands garrison at Arcot, 100;

suppresses mutiny at Vellore, 101

Goa, the capital of Portuguese India, 2

Goddard, Colonel, leads an expedition from Calcutta to Bombay against Mahratta country, 73

Godwin, General, commands expedition to Burma, 169

Golab Singh buys Cashmere from Lord Hardinge, 160

Goojerat, battle of, 164

Gough, Sir Hugh, commands army in Gwalior, 153;

his victory at Maharajpore, 154;

battles at Moodki and Ferozshahar, 158;

at Sobraon, 159;

Chillianwalla, 163;

Goojerat, 164

Government, old merchant rule in Madras, 5, 8, 12;

municipal experiments, 14, 16;

Nawab rule in Bengal, 43;

offer of the Dewani, 45;

Great Mogul installed in British factory at Patna, 48;

collision between the British and the Nawab in Bengal, 49;

Clive's double government, 54;

Warren Hastings a sovereign ruler, 56;

British zemindar at Calcutta, 59;

appointment of British collectors, 61;

members of council at Calcutta appointed by Parliament, 65;

quarrels, 66;

Governor-General in Council empowered by parliament to make laws, 69;

changes under the charter of 1833, 135;

executive council remodelled by Lord Canning, 280;

legislative councils of 1854 and 1861-6, 179, 284;

relations of legislative and executive, 293;

British India a school for Asiatics, 297

Govind, Guru, 155;

founder of the Sikh Khalsa, 156

Graves, Brigadier, commands station at Delhi, 209, 210;

preparations to resist rebel sepoys from Meerut, 211;

escapes to Flagstaff Tower, 213

Gubbins, Mr. Frederic, his municipal reforms at Benares, 235, 236

Gwalior, fortress of, captured, 73;

interference and war by Lord Ellenborough, 152

Gwalior contingent formed, 154;

mutiny of, 228, 229;

victory of, at Cawnpore, 272

H

Hands, Right and Left, Hindu antagonism in Southern India, 10, 11;

see also 39 note

Hardinge, Lord, Governor-General, 154;

commands the army at Moodki, 158;

at Sobraon, 159;

settles the government of the Punjab under a regency, 160;

returns to England, 161

Harris, General, commands British army against Mysore, 86

Hastings, Warren, appointed Governor of Bengal, 56;

virtually sovereign of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa, ib.;

previous career, 57;

introduces British administration, 58;

dealings with the zemindars and land revenue, 59, 61;

judicial administration, 62 creates the Sudder Court, 64;

surprised by the arrival of three new members of council, and the creation of the Supreme Court, 65;