Kitabı oku: «The Settlement Agreement. Make a repost», sayfa 3
The assistance of the Union to African countries leads, in the end (in addition to other factors) to the collapse of the apartheid regime in South Africa, the expulsion of hundreds of thousands of European colonists from the developed lands; The immersion of once prosperous states in the abyss of chaos.
…So, the countries of the socialist camp only say sometimes about sympathy for the Soviet Union – but more substantial evidence of this love is not provided. There are no Soviet, chic and very inexpensive resorts in the victorious Vietnam, Laos, Egypt, Syria… ocean tours to Cuba. These countries do not accept good Soviet rubles for payment… In the end, the understanding that mercantile “girls” are simply “dynamiting” their patron, reaches the consciousness of the entire Soviet people (even, it seems, its top leaders).
The approach to the US business is completely different. If a certain country really wants to learn something, it must honor its teacher, pay it well, follow all instructions, and be ready (if something goes wrong at all) to take a refreshing dose of rods.
Example: Soviet military attaches arrive in Libya to create a full-fledged army there, and at the same time enlighten the leadership of the “Jamahiriya” about building the right socialism. The weapons purchased by the Arab Republic from the USSR on credit (and, therefore, free of charge, that is, for nothing) are so numerous that 300 aircraft of various types, dozens of helicopters, 4,000 tanks, antiaircraft complexes, etc., stand in the desert, just covered with pieces of tarpaulin.
In this, absolutely non-democratic country, there are no legal norms or norms supported by the people’s charters and regulations. Everything depends, solely, on the leader of Moammar Gaddafi, his closest relatives, friends and, perhaps, the communicative skills of those who wish to somehow interact with them.
Soviet military advisers isolate, prohibit any movement beyond 15 km. from the base, exclude communication with the highest officials of the state, if they suddenly themselves do not condescend to it. Higher officers huddle almost in the Bedouin tents, and, until then, they are eating what they have. The small print on the Libyan passports issued to military and civilian specialists is “Hired force – one of the varieties of slaves. “The main occupation of the “slave” is simple – the maintenance of military equipment in good condition (the Libyans regard the TO as lower than their dignity), the training of servicemen for its proper operation and application. To order anything to any Arab, Soviet military advisers have no right. From political studies in the style of “Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR decided…” the Libyan officers silently leave.
Americans, in turn, initially, without hypocrisy and hypocrisy, create a true picture of the situation in their chosen country, organize a civil society, put in place even elementary legal norms. Imagine the restriction of movements of the military attache, ambassadors in this case it is impossible. Moreover, to leave the territory of the military base, for example, for leisure, according to this request, it is not only the officer who is free, but also the most common soldier. The location of all US employees is furnished, certainly, with some comfort. American – it sounds proud. Noticing how the representatives of the superpower respect themselves, their fellow citizens, they honor the “convenient” laws invented by them, the local residents also penetrate to the guardians with piety …
Relying on their civil society, American advisers can effectively influence the government itself. The government usually understands this, tyranny and autocracy tries to avoid – or receives mass actions of its, now quite fully conscious people.
What is said here can anger a certain reader: “How so, the author clearly propagandizes US intervention.” Well, then, let’s sum up the results we selected as an example of Libya. The result of Brezhnev’s friendship with Gaddafi: 4, 5 billion dollars of written-off debts for the post-Soviet Russia, and an unknown amount of money “forgiven” the USSR. The humiliated dignity of Soviet citizens, disappointment in the socialist system. It’s all. Interaction with Libya of the USA and Western Europe: free access to cheap oil, honestly paid contracts, hiring various specialists and supplying equipment. In 2011, the US Air Force, France, Great Britain contribute to the defeat of the Gaddafi army by the rebel forces. By the way, the spark from which the flame of civil war is kindled is “just” the arrest of a certain human rights activist. So the countries of the Western world provide their security – led by an unpredictable leader, Libya has come close to building its nuclear weapons (and, or, also, buying it in the DPRK).
So, to date, the US-EU has not been able to create democracy in Libya. Perhaps, because of the inconceivable mixture of tribes, beliefs, mentality, godless pride, etc., it was impossible simply from the beginning. In this case, this goal does not appear to have been set. Oil and security, for its people – is not bad in itself.
Democracy, law, order and prosperity, however, are quite successfully implemented in other countries controlled by the US, including the former members of the Warsaw Pact, and the republics that make up the Soviet Union itself. The center of their crystallization is yes, the military bases of NATO. The USSR was unable to present its satellites with legislative, judicial, financial, political, civil-law systems, convenient to use, leading to success, and North America – yes. And, it is this, and not humiliating gifts, the most important thing.
What do we do? Declare democracy and civil society, as now fashionable, harmful, dangerous, initially not applicable to treatment in Russia? Those who say this are our enemies. We need to study democracy, can debug and improve, develop to higher heights, surpass the US in it – and use it on the entire planet, at its discretion.
…In the Brezhnev USSR of the seventies of the last century factories and factories are working, gas and oil are running in the pipes, numerous tractors and harvesters are scurrying along the cultivated fields. But here in the village store (“Selpo”) on the shelves are the same sprats in tomato, “Tourist breakfast”, mineral water, bread … sunflower oil in bottling, Georgian, not very good tea (and sometimes not always), chicory instead of coffee … that’s all. In urban retail outlets, the situation is only slightly more interesting. The best that is produced by the national economy, somewhere that, imperceptibly for the people themselves, disappears. Everything that is genuinely loved by “ordinary people”, the government, for some reason declares harmful, somehow tries to make it uncomfortable … unrealizable. Television, radio, and print media are under the control of an extremely narrow circle of party bureaucrats. To assess the situation, to shout to the whole country, to ask – and to be heard in the “small Politburo”, in this System is difficult. Something similar, already clearly on the verge of a mental break in 1975, is undertaken by Capt. 3rd Rank Valery Sablin; raises the rebellion on the guard ship “Watchdog”, goes to Kronstadt, to speak on the Central TV, outlining the views of the representative of the people – but in the end, only gets a bullet in the basement of the Committee of State Security.
In 1977, Leonid Brezhnev made a move, which, as it seems, seems to strengthen the vertical of power remarkably well, and, also, the Soviet state as a whole. Since June 16 this year, the posts of the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee are combined. A peculiar two-headed eagle becomes, of course, himself, already suffered a stroke, devoid of firmness of gait and former clarity of consciousness, esteemed Leonid Ilyich. A very significant political figure, Nikolai Podgorny, who previously held the post of head of the abovementioned higher legislative body of the Union, is sent to retirement. Two years earlier, the Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, AN Shelepin, “left”; and on such, it should be noted, an interesting fact that “for the sake of false democracy,” he eats in the common dining room and rests in a sanatorium “for ordinary people.” L. Brezhnev disappears from his inner circle and the leader of the KGB, Vladimir Semichastny, is the same one who once had dissuaded Leonid Ilyich from the physical elimination of Nikita Khrushchev. In the “small Politburo” there are only the nearest, in all consonants with “Samim” (He is), as they say now, “Friends.”
Chairman of the Council of Ministers, “business executive” A. Kosygin does not count. To correct, now there is no one left from the collective conduct of affairs of the “leader”. And so, in response to the murder of Hafizullah Amin’s security service by the personal friend of the secretary general, Nura Taraki, Brezhnev, after some communication with Andropov and Ustinov, opens Pandora’s box. The invasion of Afghanistan, the destruction of Amin and half of his family, a long, viscous war with those who could be good neighbors, are the beginning of the end of the USSR.
They say that there is something indistinct about “Americans who might appear in Afghanistan” … In Vietnam they also appeared when what was so good for them there? And now the Coalition troops are still in the “Afghan”. Us, friends from this, it turns out, is neither cold nor hot.
Meanwhile, the extremely narrowed circle of responsible persons, Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, now has no one to rely on. A person with weak health, he falls into captivity to his, still quite vigorous friends. There is no alternative, the people are silent, the threads of running a huge country are ultimately tied in just two or three people. Leonid Brezhnev sometimes only calls Defense Minister D. Ustinov, with a tear and reproach in his voice, asks: “When will this war end?! … Dima, you promised me it would not be for long.”
Leonid Brezhnev has no right to dispose of even himself. Several times he declares his desire to retire, and receives from the Politburo a benevolent “no” answer. This system lacks the institution of a more or less regular, legitimate change of power. Looking at the speaker on television, stumbling on every word of the head of state, citizens of the USSR (according to the author’s feelings) involuntarily identify with himself, the state, the state of things: “soon all this will end.”
The only spirit remaining in the minds of the townsfolk to this day: “We already have a ruler, he knows something and knows how, do not rock the boat, otherwise everything will get worse.”
The Secretary-General dies from cardiac arrest in 1982. However, eighteen years of his rule are a kind of “Golden Autumn of the Empire.” This is the time when you can live without fear of a “black funnel” under the window at night, it’s quite tolerable to eat, start children, drink natural fruit-wine, sing bard songs and dream of a beautiful far away…
Personal life: married to Viktoria Petrovna (born Denisova) since 1927, two children. A fan of hunting for large animals, football and driving (including rare cars).
Dmitry Ustinov, photo of the 1950s
Dmitry Ustinov. Birth – 1908, Samara, … in children’s summers – courier work… the introduction of a volunteer in the Red Army, service in Special Purpose Chambers (CHON). Further Ustinov works as a fitter at the factory, he studies at various institutes, down to the Leningrad “Voenmech”. Since 1937 (the vacancy field has been cleared) – engineer-designer, director of the plant “Bolshevik”. In 1941, 33-year-old Dmitry Fedorovich became a People’s Commissar of Soviet armament. His predecessor, B. Vannikov, Stalin must be released a month after the outbreak of the war – since it is too necessary for the production of ammunition. The recent prisoner becomes deputy commissar-beginner. Since 1946 Dmitry Ustinov, the USSR Minister of Armaments, has been actively participating in the missile project. In 1957, D.W. advocates N. Khrushchev, in 1964 – promotes his displacement. Since 1976, Ustinov – one of the secretaries of the CPSU Central Committee, which is included in the unofficial, so-called. “A small Politburo”, as well as the Minister of Defense. He died in 1984, from severe pneumonia; caused by the reluctance of Dmitry Fedorovich to leave, an official event held in the cold wind. It suggests that almost simultaneously with D. Ustinov, and with the same clinical picture of the disease, the defense ministers of the GDR, Hungary and Czechoslovakia die, who were together at a festive dinner (in honor of the completion of the Warsaw Pact exercises).
Private life: wife Taisia, son, daughter. The usual ratio of attention to work and personal life: 10: 1.
Evaluation of the author: D. F. Ustinov is one of those people who with passion and passion create colorful false pictures of reality. The Soviet Army of the seventies and eighties is deeply sick, bottom-to-top pervaded by hazing, national issues, and partly elementary inadequate. Ideals are absent. The fighting spirit fluctuates around zero. All thoughts come down to where else to find food. Training of soldiers is reduced to outright profanity and fraud (deceit). Most of the equipment is kept under the open sky, and is not suitable for any quick commissioning. But, “a man of Stalin’s tempering” is inclined to believe only in smooth reports on his desk. TN. The “Ustinov doctrine” provides for a preemptive nuclear missile strike in response to signs of a nuclear attack, the breakthrough of tank armadas through the echeloned defense of Western European countries… the establishment of control over mainland Europe. What does “pre-emptive strike” and “signs of attack” mean? It is not entirely clear what has Europe to do with it, if the war is unleashed after all, America? It’s not really one. How can the Soviet Army fight in France, Belgium, near the notorious Straits in Turkey, if almost all the cities of the USSR are destroyed by atomic fire? Is it able, in addition, to control the unfriendly population? Does it make more sense to focus on protecting your country, with all the remaining means? And, probably, these (non-nuclear) forces should be much more mobile than sluggish armored groups?!
In the prevailing, insanely narrow circle of “small Politburo” communication, there is nobody to talk about this with Marshal Ustinov. The opinion of the common man: the usual officer “on the ground”, an ordinary soldier, yes, and that citizen in glasses, walking along the street, this System is not taken into account.
…The arguments of Marshal N. Ogarkov, the chief of the General Staff of the USSR, who sharply protests against the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, are also not taken into account. In the end, the state, whose organism does not provide for the reactions of the self-satisfied brain to receptor signals, ceases to make meaningful actions, and disintegrates.
Yuri Andropov, Mikhail Gorbachev
Yuri Andropov
Yuri Andropov. Birth – 1914, Stavropol province (the province) … work on the telegraph, assistant projectionist, training in the Rybinsk river technical school. Occupying the position of the Komsomol organizer (komsorg) at the shipyard… First Secretary of the Yaroslavl Regional Committee of the Komsomol. Since 1951, he is transferred to Moscow, where he works as an inspector of the Central Committee, then transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) … appointed Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the USSR in Hungary. Successful practice of Andropov during the suppression of the Hungarian rebellion is becoming an excellent springboard for the next career leap. In 1962 Yuri Vladimirovich was elected secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Five years later he became chairman of the State Security Committee of the USSR. Andropov – one of the people who contributed to the decision to enter the contingent troops of the Warsaw Pact countries in Czechoslovakia (1968) and Afghanistan (1979). KGB with Yu. A. Pervades the staff of (secret) employees all the more or less significant enterprises and organizations.
In 1982, at an extraordinary Plenum of the Central Committee, Yu. Andropov was elected General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and, a year later – Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The first actions visible by people – “tightening of nuts”, the so-called. the struggle against truants and violators of the socialist discipline of labor – unthinkable, apparently, for the beginning of the eighties, raids on idle people. Begins leapfrog personnel changes. Upward, such well-known personalities as Gorbachev, Shevardnadze, Yakovlev, Ryzhkov and Ligachev are moving along the career ladder. In total, up to 30% of the “Brezhnev” composition is replaced in the party organizations. Andropov talks about the need to “know the country in which we live” … in his speeches the word “self-financing” is heard more often. But, sometimes, words are just words. Specific mechanisms of interaction between the authorities and, for example, certain “councils of labor collectives” are not formally prescribed, and in the case, as a model for all, no one is running into anyone.
Perhaps, feeling some confusion in the top leadership of the Union, weakening the health of the Secretary-General himself, the United States and Western Europe sharply increase military and political pressure on the USSR. September 1, 1983, perhaps as a result of a well-fabricated provocation, not far from Fr. Sakhalin suffers a catastrophe Boeing 747 Korean Airlines. President of the United States Ronald Reagan declares the USSR “Empire of Evil”. On the territory of Western Europe, the Pershing rockets of the dagger fire are placed, with the time of approach to the main objectives of 4—6 minutes…
Since July 1983 Andropov runs the country, almost without getting out of bed. On vacation in the Crimea, he gets a cold – which, combined with a long-standing kidney disease, leads to death (1984).
Personal life. His wife – Nina (Engalycheva) since 1935, two children. The spouse refuses to move for the future General Secretary to Karelia, and this circumstance destroys the marriage. The second wife is Tatyana (Lebedeva). In the union are born, too, son and daughter. Close friends are absent in principle. Hobby – listening to records with jazz…
Evaluation of the author. The KGB under Andropov counts 400,000 official officers (including border guards officers), as well as about 5 million “voluntary assistants”. Full-time workers are expected to have a very high salary, food orders, queuing apartments, special polyclinics and other pleasant benefits. Do you need, however, “opera” and expensive informers, if their detailed opinion about the situation in the country, and at his native enterprise is always ready to make any sane worker – and completely free of charge? There is an opinion (according to the usual “conspiracy theory” in this case) that under the guise of sex workers, that is, secret officers throughout the Soviet Union, Yu. V. Andropov is being planted by representatives of the distribution mafia from the Jewish diaspora (himself, Andropov, – Flekenstein, no matter what they say about the “reception of a Russian daughter in a Jewish family”). …The Interior Ministry has been trying for some time to fight this branched, powerful structure – but in response it only receives powerful blows throughout the Union, and also, a severe discredit in the media (the film “Murder on Zhdanovsky”, etc.). Be that as it may, under Y. Andropov, the state’s GDP rises, by 1.5—2 percent, while the prices for vodka-Andropovka-are declining. The government of Yuri Andropov, now, after a considerable time has passed, is estimated by the people of Russia, rather, say, friends, positively.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev. Birth – 1931, with. Privolnoye of the Stavropol Territory… working as an assistant to the combine operator… the reward received for the shock work helps MG. go to the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University. After graduating from the University (1955), having quickly tried several posts, he worked as First Secretary of the Regional (Stavropol) Committee of the Komsomol… and Chairman of the Commission on Youth Affairs of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1978, Mikhail S. Gorbachev was elected secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and moved to Moscow. 1985 – after a sudden retreat into the world of another General Secretary of the CPSU, KU Chernenko Mikhail Sergeevich takes the posts of the Secretary General and, as is customary, starting with VI Brezhnev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (head of the only party and state).
In the same year, Gorbachev announced the introduction of a dry law. Prices for alcohol are rising, sales are limited. Throughout the country to the wine shops are built multi-meter, so humiliating people turn. Norma – one or two bottles of vodka in your hands. To buy a certain amount of alcohol for the wedding, another important solemn event… requires an official certificate from the registry office. On the orders of Mikhail Gorbachev and his wife, Raisa Maksimovna, born literally at a family council, over a cup of tea, wonderful vineyards are cut down under the root… practically, everything (I saw). Actually, on the ground, canteens and wine varieties, according to the tradition of the “tight vertical of power”, in the absence of independent media and civil society, the leaders of the district party committees do not distinguish between the two, simply destroying them both “just in case”.
However, the desire to stay at the helm by any means, the heads of the regional committees (krai committees), roughly equal in status to the current governors, does not save. About 70% of the status leaders of Brezhnev’s conscription are sent out to resign, literally, only by the whim of Mikhail Sergeyevich. There, half of the Politburo members also “leave”. The point is that all these people are appointed “from above”, often, one by one, as they say, the whim of the left foot of the head of state, and not (arranged quite difficult technically, it must be acknowledged) the will of the people. And, just as fabulously simply, the next Secretary-General, or the President, is free to replace them with someone else.
Almost simultaneously with the anti-alcohol campaign, the “fight against unearned incomes” starts. In the countries of the victorious democracy, we recall that something similar is also available. The main point: with large purchases – for example, a new car, a home … an enterprise, you will necessarily require an income declaration (directly related to the citizen being filed every year, the Tax Declaration). If the income is reasonably consistent with the costs – everything is in order. But, if you are officially unemployed and are going to buy a luxurious Chevrolet, here the tax police may have some questions. More, by and large, in the lives of citizens, and the methods of their (not criminal) earnings, the state does not get involved.
In the Gorbachev Soviet Union, the enemy of the people is declared to be: a fisherman who decided to sell his modest catch, an artist who painted a pair of paintings (for 10—15 rubles) for a hairdresser, in fact, a hairdresser, seamstress or nurse who provides the appropriate services at home, They are hunted down, and law enforcement agencies are detained. Theoretically, a convenient system of taxation, this additional income people could declare ….state could look at it and then, but in this case a serious criminal article is being applied… and investigative isolators (SIZOs) are overflowing with innocent people.
At the same time, relatively modest dacha dwellings are being persecuted. Cottages above one floor, apparently, as too well-off and “unearned”, without any court order, are being destroyed. Physical removal, without delay, are also subject to greenhouses, where for sale, or for themselves, vegetables are grown (which is so lacking in state stores).
Priority of all Gorbachev is declared by machine building. It sounds, of course, beautiful and, well, you know, it’s solid. But, in fact, in the first place, the country needs light industry goods, clothing, consumer goods, high-quality and inexpensive food. You can learn about this without any difficulty, the KGB-shnoy “wiretapping”, from the lips chosen arbitrarily, Uncle Vasya, Aunt Glasha, but, this approach to a serious government matter, as they say today, “Below the level of the Kremlin.”
The system rushes. Initially, Gorbachev is hardly a traitor to the Motherland. But, Mikhail Sergeyevich himself will be closed in a very limited circle of elected people, who, in fact, are two: He himself, and a faithful friend, wife, Raisa Maksimovna, is the most intelligent person, after all, a lecturer at the Institute of Marxism-Leninism. Suggest something really reasonable, weighed at least a few reasonable people, this sweet couple is quite difficult.
The next inconsistent step of the System is the introduction, on November 19, 1986, of the “Law on Individual Work Activity”. Cooperatives are allowed, even without using hired labor. Later, we recall, a full-fledged law on entrepreneurship will be adopted (1991, May 26), celebrated with the present president of the Russian Federation (2007) as the Day of Russian Entrepreneurship. It is interesting that private, then fairly free enterprise, paradoxically co-exists with “Fighting Unearned Income”. The ambiguity of the situation created corrodes the foundations of the law enforcement system.
In the same way as during the Khrushchev monetary reform (deeply jammed “under the carpet” of the KGB, not meaningful by the society), state resources, demanded goods flow from state enterprises to cooperatives where they are already sold at a free price (domestically or abroad). In the public sector, mass non-payment of salaries starts.
A very strange situation occurs with gold, silver, platinum, etc. In essence, the state (ie, ideally, the people) loses control over the extraction and storage of precious metals. The moral core is cracking – behind it the rest falls, how many new and new controlling bodies do not involve.
Be that as it may, the new General Secretary is quite young, he says without paper, everything is so remarkably smooth, and the people love him. Yes, it was, it was, friends, I remember perfectly; we looked at this smooth, ruddy appearance, and, not at all embarrassed by feelings, were touched. Yes, here it is, a new life, “socialism with a human face”, solid, understanding everything better than us, ordinary people, the leader – who-he-all-will-do-it-is-right.
In May 1986, at the enterprises of the Union, people from the newly created Gorbachev, “State Acceptance.” Of course, factories already have their own quality control departments. New people (not subordinate to the administration of the enterprise) only irritate employees, and do not contribute to the “shaft” of production, nor to a significant improvement in quality. The next attempt to solve the problem by purely administrative methods, fails. To take a reasonable step, following the example of Western democracies, to improve the judicial system, so that any end user can warm up some unscrupulous enterprise, this System is simply not capable.
Disappointing are the results of experiments on the unification of large agricultural ministries. Created by the same single “leader of the nation”, the giant “Gosagroprom” is called everywhere – “Gosagropromah”. Everywhere, at all times, according to their habit, “Sovereigns whose opinion is not disputed” create huge, awkward, unified amoebae – and only waste their national treasure. In total, according to some estimates, from 1995 to 1990, only a direct loss from the Gorbachevsky transformation is 100 billion non-devalued US dollars.
…Everything, everything seemed to be so unshakable, starts to precipitate fast. The only guideline in all is the “solid” US dollar. Nikolai Ryzhkov, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers answers the representative of the Czech Republic, about the replacement of the transferable ruble by the indicated monetary unit “Do not want to pay with dollars? Yes, please, leave CMEA. “Everything is very, very simple, and quiet. The socialist system of Eastern Europe is dismantled.
Towards the close, Mikhail Gorbachev admits one more (foreign policy) mistake. Two Germany – the GDR and the FRG are united. Maybe it’s all inevitable. But, against this background, it is quite possible to show, at last, the calculation of reparations for World War II. Germany is quite willing to pay this price. The guarantor is that the Soviet armies of the Western Group of Forces in the GDR definitely exist. But, according to the long-established System, Mikhail Gorbachev is much more important than the friendly smiles of very significant foreigners, rather than the deaf hopes of his own people. To correct the Secretary General again, there is no one. And now, definitely, literally “lying on the road” 100 billion US dollars, remain in the bins of the financial successor to the Reich.
March 15, 1990, at the third extraordinary congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR (an attempt to revive the original Soviets), Mikhail Gorbachev is elected President of the Soviet Union. At the same time, he is also the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.
Meanwhile, on June 12, 1990, the First Congress of People’s Deputies adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR. This, it should be noted, is the very first statement on the independence of one of the republics of the Soviet Union. The President of the Russian Federation (on the same day) is the People’s Deputy, Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin. After that, other state entities are being built in line to the door to secession from the USSR.
